Inside Europe we are part of what will be a world power. The national sovereignty we lose is more than made good by a share of the much larger sovereignty which we get from participation in Europe. (Michael Heseltine) The 1986 Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty can be seen as further reducing Britains sovereignty. (Nugent) Britain has been a full member of the EEC, and later the EU, since 1972. By joining such an organisation it enjoys the benefits of a Common Market across Europe, but surrenders some of its political sovereignty to the precedence of European Law over Domestic Law. Indeed Britains political sovereignty has unquestionably suffered a great deal due to its membership of Europe.
In 1975 Tony Benn wrote a letter to his constituents underlying the major worries of EEC membership. Firstly he said that the Community subjects us to laws and taxes which British government is powerless to amend or repeal, and they are passed by people not elected by the British electorate. Furthermore he described how the EEC requires British courts to enforce laws that have not necessarily been supported by the British Parliament, and that Parliament does not have the power to change these laws, even if they conflict with existing common or statute law. To add to this, British membership imposes duties and constraints upon British governments. This means that ministers have to discharge many of their duties, and those that take them over are not accountable to British Parliament or public. Basically, the EEC can use the British parliament as a layer of insulation separating them from the British people.
The Essay on Bachelor in British Law
I am a passionate, persistent individual who wills to become a bachelor in British Law, in order to, further on, exert the profession of a lawyer. I am and have always been deeply interested in the principles of justice, which I try to put into action in my everyday life. My intention on entering a Law School is acquiring a deeper knowledge on the subject which has always been my main interest, ...
They therefore have no duty to remedy the grievances of the British people, as they are not accountable to them Whilst Tony Benn presents an extreme example of Euro-scepticism, it is indisputable that membership of Europe detracts from our parliamentary sovereignty. EU law is binding on all member states and, therefore, takes precedence over British domestic law. However, the British Parliament does have the power to at least try to prevent the enforcement of EU law in the case of amendments to the Treaty of Rome, but otherwise EU legislation automatically becomes law within the UK, irrespective of the British Parliaments opinion on it. Unlike the other member states of the EU, the United Kingdom has a distinctive constitution based not on a codified document but on the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. The issue of national sovereignty is an intensively sensitive one in British politics because of the countrys history, which has been very different from that of continental states, and because of the different role which the British Parliament plays from that of European Parliaments. Membership of the European Union inevitably entails a loss or transfer of national sovereignty in return for a share in a greater and more powerful European sovereignty.
The main institutions of the EU operate partly on a supranational level and partly on an intergovernmental level, and it is this idea of supranational control which seems to threaten the sovereignty of the British Parliament, and make its policy less important and meaningful. Sovereignty is an idea decked with tradition and prestige. Indeed, in 1885 A. V. Dicey defined parliamentary sovereignty as the right of Parliament to make any law whatever; and, further, no person or body is recognised by the law as having a right to override the legislation of Parliament.
The supremacy of Parliament, established by the Glorious Revolution of 1688, effectively ended when Parliament surrendered it in passing the European Communities Act in 1972. When Britain became a member of the EEC in 1973 certain areas of policy making were transferred to the EEC Commission and to the Council of Ministers. This meant that if the Council approved the commission has the right to enforce its recommendations irrespective of domestic legislation that might contradict it, and the only way to reclaim this loss of sovereignty would be to repeal the act of 1972 and withdraw from EC membership. Entry into the EEC caused enormous controversy, leading to the first ever national referendum in 1975 and the formation of the Social Democratic Party by pro-European ex-Labour MPs in 1981. Under Maggie Thatcher, the EC was supported as a free trade economic union but not as a federalist concept moving towards a United States of Europe. The difficulty of having greater economic integration without greater political integration was highlighted by the Single European Act of 1986.
The Term Paper on Implied Terms Contract Act Law
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) Introduction 2) Implied Terms 3) Custom / Usage 4) Court 5) Past Dealings 6) Statute 7) Goods Act 8) Trade Practices Act 9) Conclusion 10) Recommendations 11) Bibliography INTRODUCTION Agreements are formed in almost every communication; electronic, written or oral; daily. Once an agreement fulfills the components required of a contract, therein lies the existence of terms of ...
This act was the first comprehensive revision of the original Treaty of Rome (1958) and while this speeded up economic integration it also strengthened the supranational organisations such as the Council of Ministers so as to include decision making, and it also made qualified majority voting replace unanimous voting in the accepting or rejecting of proposals. This signifies a further mark in the removal of British sovereignty no longer did it have the power to block bills it personally didnt agree with and became subject to legislation irrespective of whether it agreed with it or not. Therefore it is possible for laws to be made without the support of the British Parliament, and this therefore, can be seen as a major intrusion on parliamentary sovereignty. More recently, loss of British sovereignty can be seen in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992.
To add to the increased momentum for economic and monetary union in the Single European Act, the Maastricht Treaty laid down a timetable for this. The prime goal for EMU was to achieve a single European currency and Central Bank, in 1999, and this was successful. However, it also extended the role of the Community to include health, education and the environment, and the infamous Social Chapter laid down a range of employment conditions and gave increased powers to the European Parliament. Surprisingly, Maastricht has had less impact on our national sovereignty than the Single European Act, as the Conservative government at the time, opted out of the single currency and the social chapter. National sovereignty was preserved here by only opting in in areas such as Justice and Home Affairs which are based on intergovernmental co-operation and unanimous voting.
The Essay on Boston Tea Party Act British American
Boston Tea Party When the Boston Tea Party occurred on the evening of December 16, 1773, it was the culmination of many years of bad feeling between the British government and her American colonies. The controversy between the two always seemed to hinge on the taxes, which Great Britain required for the upkeep of the American colonies. Starting in 1765, the Stamp Act was intended by Parliament to ...
In spite of the opt-outs at Maastricht, the fact remains that so long as Britain is a member of the EU its legal and political sovereignty is over. This can be seen in the Factortame case of 1990. This ruling by the European Court of Justice on a case brought against the governments Merchant Shipping Act by a Spanish fishing company, confirmed the supremacy of Community law over domestic law. The government was forced to suspend the offending parts of the 1988 Merchant Chipping Act, and thus it is proved that membership of the European Union gives the British courts the power to suspend an Act of Parliament, a dramatic constitutional milestone, and a complete and total contradiction to the words of A. V.
Dicey, and the principles of British parliamentary sovereignty. In conclusion, Factortame demonstrates just how much membership of the EU distracts from national sovereignty. Indeed some commentators have speculated on the end of the nation state, with the Europe of the future developing into a possible superstate. Historically Parliament has symbolized Britains national sovereignty, and as the European project advances, encompassing more people and centralising more power it is perhaps fair to say that British parliamentary sovereignty becomes less about contemporary politics and more about history..
