Plessy v. Fergusson In 1890, a law, envisaging the necessity of separated accommodations for white and black people when traveling on railroads (like separated coaches), was passed by the administration of the State of Louisiana. On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy, a 30-year old shoemaker, bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway from New Orleans to Covington. The railroad company was aware about the situation, and, though Plessy was a mix of one-eighths black and seven-eighths white, he still has been considered as black and, hence, he was required to free his sit and accommodate in the coach for blacks. Plessy refused to move to the other coach and was immediately arrested. Plessy went to the court of Louisiana, arguing that the separate coach requirement violated the 13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution, protecting the rights of blacks.
The judge, John Howard Ferguson, a Massachusetts lawyer, convicted Plessy of refusing to move to the coach for blacks and sentenced him to pay the fine of $25. Plessy decided to appeal to the courts above, but both the Supreme Court of Louisiana and the Supreme Court of the United States found him guilty and agreed with the decision of Judge John Fergusson. Despite of prominent arguments of Plessys representatives, Albion Tourgee and Samuel Phillips, who based the case upon violation by the Louisiana law of rights of the black man under the 13th and 14th Amendments, the final decision was announced on May 18, 1896, by Justice Henry B. Brownand, and it was in favor of Ferguson. The Court held that separated accommodation do not mean the inferiority of any race. It was a milestone decision of the US Supreme Court, which legally approved any racial segregation and gave official opportunity for states governments to forbid using of social facilities by black Americans together with white citizens. But this case assisted to strengthen the legal background for “separate but equal” policy, which allowed separation of members of different races, but only if the quality services and facilities was equal. Brown v. Board of Education In 1951 the US District Court for the District of Kansas commenced a suit, filed against the Board of Education of Topeka City, Kansas, on behalf of Linda Brown, a black girl, who was attending third grade at one of public schools in Topeka.
The Term Paper on Mentoring and Coaching as a development strategy
Executive Summary There are many benefits in adapting mentoring and coaching programs to an organisation in order to develop human capital. However, there are areas where caution must be exorcized in order to avoid adverse outcomes. This report provides examples from Coca Cola Foods and Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Corporation of their mentoring and coaching strategies and how they execute these in ...
She was prohibited admission into a school for white students and had to walk a mile to the segregated black school, when a white school was located in seven blocks form her house. Together with five similar cases from Kansas, Virginia, Southern Carolina and Delaware, Browns suit was sponsored and delivered by NAACP to the US Supreme Court. In December, 1952, all of the cases were argued by a black lawyer Thurgood Marshall, the Head of the NAACP. Though the issue received a great deal of public attention, waiting for the court decision took two long years of arguing in media and in the very Court. Judges were trying to figure out the most correct interpretation of the 14th Amendment, or its applicability to racial segregation in American public schools. Finally, on 17 May 1954 the Courts unanimous 9-0 verdict was stated as the following: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” In other words, separation by race in public schools or other social institutions was named as strict violation of American legislation.
This decision of the US Supreme Court became one of the most important and significant judicial landmarks in social progress of the USA after proclaiming of historical Bill of Rights, and one of the most critical episodes during the development of American democracy. It eventually initiated educational reformation throughout the country, along with ideological and moral re-conceptualization, and became a turning point for implementing of the ideas of total democracy in social life. Even though it did not stop school segregation immediately, it made an end and abolished those constitutional fundamentals, upon which legitimated segregation in the South rested..
The Essay on The Singing School An American Tradition
The Singing School: An American Tradition The Singing School was an institution that was uniquely American. it was established to serve a dual purpose: the desire to create music and the need for sociability. Generations were taught to read and sing music by itinerant singing masters, who developed characteristic methods and materials of instruction, and distinctive performance practices. Through ...
