Imagine a country with absolutely no political institutions or structures; a country ruled by anarchy. Would this country have an economic policy? If so, what kind of an economic policy would it be? Now imagine a country with highly powerful and well-organized political institutions. What kind of economic policy would this country have? Economic policies in these two fictitious countries described above would most definitely be different. The first country would be lucky if it even managed to have an economic policy at all. The people of this country would probably live in a world of economic uncertainty, not having any sense of security for what the future holds for them.
On the contrary, the people of the country from the second example would have security in terms of economic future. The citizens would be able to invest their money in financial institutions such as banks and exchange it in international markets. They could save for their future without the fear of having everything looted from them anytime. What about these two countries make their economic policies so different? Although there are many factors that may affect a country’s economic policy, I would like to argue that the most important factor is either the presence or lack of strong political institutions. Prehistorically, large nations or political states did not exist. Every man himself was the law of the land.
The Essay on Economic Policies
Considered perhaps the most important concerns in any presidential candidates political platform is that which addresses economic policy; and, this is certainly the case with regard to the current stance between George W. Bush and Al Gores candidacies. With Bush successfully appeasing his loyal followers and Gore effectively accommodating his, as well, the two presidential candidates believe that ...
Bands, or groups, began to form as time went on. Initially, membership in such groups was voluntary, but the members soon figured the benefits of cooperation. Over time these bands became larger and larger and it was apparent that some groups were stronger than others. Of these groups, the strongest groups became what we refer to as ‘roving bandits’.
(Olson 1993, 568).
If the ‘roving bandits’ can be seen as the first form of political institution, the economic policy they imposed was one of complete turmoil. They ransacked the country-sides, looting whatever they felt they wanted without any concern as to what would be left over for the next time they came through. As these ‘roving bandits’ progressed they realized that settlement was the answer to profitability. (Ibid).
Economic policies developed as the formation of governments and political institutions by ‘roving bandits’ were established.
Without economically tearing down their subjects, the “roving bandits” formed governments, which ditched their policy of taking what ever they could get their hands on and replaced it with a system of taking only as much as they could without harming anybody. The new “stationary bandits” were able to enforce a new economic policy with the use of political institutions, such as, tax collectors. The establishment of political institutions assisted the bandits to completely transform their economic policy from looting people to one of modern times. Clearly, the transitioning from a system with an absence of any political institutions to a system based on institutions is going to change economic policy dramatically. In today’s world there are very few places, if any at all, that completely lack political institutions.
Interestingly, economic policy is linked to political institutions, which determine how strong each policy may be. Industrialization, over the last couple of centuries, has put into place thousands of political institutions. The state has become the most basic unit of political power. Through such institutions, countries have been able to establish national banks, stock markets, and economic tools such as the Federal Reserve.
The Essay on Political Risk, Economic Risk
1.How do you assess political risk? What are its consequences? How can a firm manage political risk? What is micropolitical risk and how does it affect international business? Political risk assessment can be done as simple as conducting an online research yourself, or by hiring experts and consultants familiar with the host country. They are able to inform the likelihood of political change and ...
Governments have been able to control the flow and value of their money through these institutions. As history also suggests, the most successful of these countries have been those whose political institutions are strong, stable, and predictable. The political institutions in today’s nations have been able to implement economic policies on a broad scale. From the socialism of North Korea to the capitalism of the United States, these policies would not have been possible without the presence of strong political institutions.
The best way to prove this would probably be to consider what would happen if the political institutions of these countries were weakened considerably. It may seem logical that by weakening these political institutions, the economic policies would be weakened as well. Historically, we ” ve seen the relationship between strong and stable political institutions with strong and stable economic policies, yet interestingly, in today’s world, that may not be the case. In today’s world, globalization has become a big factor in economic policies. With the rise of globalization some feel that the authority of the state is being seriously diluted.
As According to Susan Strange, ‘A market economy, whether global or national, needs a lender of last resort, an authority… able to discipline but also to give confidence to banks and financial markets, and able to apply Keynesian logic in times of slow growth and recession’. (Strange 1997, 366).
Strange feels that the rising globalization in today’s world has caused many political institutions to lose their power to control the economy.
Due to the free market nature of globalization, political institutions such as the Congress and the Parliaments may be completely left out of the economic policy loop. This assumption becomes even clearer when one studies the influence the World Trade Organization is capable of leveraging over sovereign states. The World Trade Organization has fought several battles for free trade in the recent past, and has succeeded in winning most of these battles. This may seem to be no big deal and exactly what the WTO is supposed to do. However, the situation changes when one realizes that many of these victories have come at the cost of amendments of laws created by sovereign nations and their citizens. The WTO has ordered countries to drop bans, lower tariffs, and even pay sanctions for acts as simple as preferring to trade with certain nations.
The Term Paper on Trade And Economic Globalization
... political, economic and social homogenization of the global populations. Globalization of the world is the ultimate celebration of the political, economic ... is more of a result of erroneous policies of countries who would want to protect their local ... country with a progressive economy.Everyone seems to accept that industries exist, backed by local government and banks and other financial institutions ...
(Citizen’ Guide to the WTO 1999, 6-10).
This just shows how the WTO and businesses involved in globalization have taken a great deal of power away from political institutions in controlling economic policies. The case of globalization and the WTO clearly proves that when the power of political institutions is weakened, the power of those institutions to create and control economic policies is weakened as well. On the other hand one can surely imagine that if globalization were to some how slowdown, the same institutions that are now losing their power would once again be back in the business of making economic policy.
The presence and strength of a country’s political institutions, as proven above, undoubtedly affect the economic policies that are put into place. But are there other factors that are more important? Some may say that regime type or globalization is a more important indicator, but the fact of the matter is that each of these ideas correlates directly to the political institutions set up by a government. For example, in a dictatorship, does the dictator alone make economic policy? No, of course not, the dictator places people and institutions in charge of that department. In a democracy, does the fact that people have a voice and a vote dictate what the interest rate will be? No, political institutions, such as the Federal Reserve, are the ones that decide what the interest rate is going to be. As for globalization, as mentioned before, it does have an effect on a country’s economic policy, but the main reason for this effect is the weakening of political institutions.
In an ever changing world the economic policies of the world’s countries are bound to undergo many economic changes. What is important though are the forces that drive these transformations. It would be a lot simpler to understand if a country based its economic policy on the advice of some all knowing economist, but this simply isn’t the fact. Countries of today are forced to make decisions based on many different factors. These factors include things ranging from globalization to economic models to domestic interest groups. Although each of these factors rely heavily on the minds of policy makers, the fact of the matter is that political institutions must exist to influence economic policies.
The Term Paper on Malaysian Economic Policy And Fdi
BACKGROUND AND COUNTRY ATTRACTIVENESS. Malaysia is the second fastest growing economy in the South East Asian region with an average Gross National Product (GNP) growth of eight-plus percent per year in the last seven years. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has moved from an agriculturally based economy to a more diversified and export oriented one. The Malaysian market is fairly openly ...
A country must have political institutions charged with the challenge of creating economic policies, and more importantly, enforcing the policies that they create. Without the creation of strong political institutions, countries would probably still have economic policies no more sophisticated than those enforced by the ‘roving bandits’ centuries ago. Works Cited Olson, Man cur. 1993. ‘Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.’ American Political Science Review, 87 (3): 567-75. Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch (web).
1999. A Citizen’s Guide to the World Trade Organization. Washington D. C. : Working Group on the WTO/MAI. (ISBN: 1-58231-000-9) Strange, Susan.
1997. ‘The Erosion of the State.’ Current History, November: 365-69.
