We have arrived in Pompeii and I am surprised to see that the city is filled with people, despite the threat of a volcano that erupted just 2000 years ago. The city has approximately 3.5 million people now, in the shadow of Mt. Vesuvius. Now, we’re going to investigate a room that’s just been uncovered from the eruption!
We’re in the room now. As far as I can see, there were four people present in the room on the day of the eruption, and there are also a few remains: someone’s bracelet, an old broken jug, and some money from that time. The pyroclastic surge that smothered the people preserved their bodies, so it is clear how they died. The room is covered in pumice stones, which fell from the sky 2000 years ago. A huge cloud of smoke and ash rose 15km into the sky, and then it cooled and solidified, and fell like rain upon the people. The roofs weren’t very stable, and they were only able to withstand rain, so the weight of pumice on the roof brought them crashing down. Some houses experienced that fate. Others were choked by the pumice, because pumice soaks up moisture in the air, therefore parching the throat. Some people were hit by the pumice and died as well.
In this room, a man is crouched down on the floor, and looks like he was crying into his hands, or maybe he was praying to the gods. At the time many people did the same, but some believed that there were no gods left, or the gods decided to kill them all. This man was probably doing so, until the pumice soaked up all the moisture and left him suffocating to death.
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There is also a woman and a child, buried beneath the pumice. It took us a while to brush the pumice off. They are both lying face-down on the floor, with the child curled up near the woman. Some of us thought that the child was the woman’s, but according to facts, at the time slaves were supposed to protect their masters and their belongings, and also their children. We found the bracelet attached to the woman’s arm, and found it was the bracelet of a slave-girl. The slave was probably trying to protect the child, until pumice rained down on them and buried them to their death.
There is another man, lying on the floor, clutching a bag of gold. This was where we found the money. All the money had also been turned to charcoal, and the man was probably trying to protect his money. Maybe he was a slave as well. He was lying under a part of the roof, so it is clear that the roof fell down on him and he had no chance at all to save his own life.
We found an eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger, and from this we can see exactly what happened during the 18 hours of the eruption. The disaster is so terrible that when other people read his accounts, they didn’t believe him, but obviously we do now.From his writings and some of our own knowledge, we have deduced the whole disaster from beginning to end.
Pompeii was one of the greatest empires ever known, in the shadow of Mt. Vesuvius. The ground was fertile, because of volcanic ash that had spewed out of the volcano 1500 years before. This volcano has been quiet for over 1500 years, and no one even knew it was a volcano. On the day of the eruption the day started like any typical day. The King had plans to rebuild a part of his court, and his daughter was 7 months pregnant. Before the eruption, there were minor earth tremors in the ground, but no one noticed, and even those who did didn’t know what was going to happen. At around 1pm, Vesuvius erupted.
Because the lava had been encased in the volcano for so long, the heat from the volcano was so intense, the lava turned to foam. A column of smoke piled 15km into the air. No one knew what was happening, so instead of fleeing, they watched the volcano. No one knew that their death was coming, until it was too late. There wasn’t even a Latin word for “volcano”. The people of Misenum, a town rather close to Pompeii, also saw the eruption, and understood what was going on.
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Pliny the Younger saw the eruption from Misenum, and was fascinated. He ordered a boat to get closer to the volcano so he could study it and take a look. But before he did so, a messenger came to him from Pompeii and told him that the people of Pompeii were asking for help, and quickly. Pliny therefore sent out a rescue team, on their way to Pompeii.
Meanwhile in Pompeii, the cloud of ash was so big it covered the sun, and it seemed like the day turned to night. People believed it was the end of the world, the sun was eaten up, the gods had decided to kill them all and there was no way of escape. Everyone started to scream, frightened. Men shouted, women shrieked, children cried. Some prayed for instant death because they were too afraid to die. Then the smoke solidified, and fell like rain on the roofs, the people, and the land.
When the rescue team from Misenum was nearing Pompeii, most of the people had fled from their houses, gathering at the beach, screaming for help. Even slaves, who were supposed to protect their master’s property, fled the house. Some of course, stayed indoors, guarding the belongings, for fear of discovery and death.7 hours into the eruption, Pompeii was nearly deserted. Pumice continued to fall, and trapped those who were still inside the houses.
Suddenly there was a pyroclastic surge from the volcano, cascading down the hill in search of death. It was headed for Herculaneum, another town in the Bay of Naples. The heat was so intense (500oC) that everyone was smothered to death. They didn’t just burn…but they turned to charcoal.
Indoors, the people died from thermal shock. Their soft tissues vaporized, teeth shattered like fragile glass, and their brains boiled, leaving the remains of skeletons. The remains of over 300 men, women and children were found in the boathouses. When the surge was finally over, Herculaneum was buried under 27m of volcanic ash.
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Pompeii had the threat of pumice. Every area around the Bay of Naples was in danger. The magma chamber collapsed inside the volcano, and there was an earthquake. Then, another pyroclastic surge commenced, this time heading for Pompeii.
The surge wasn’t that strong, so it only reached the northern wall. The city was safe for now. Unfortunately, toxic fumes from the pyroclastic surge choked the people: carbon dioxide. A deadly, toxic gas, it deprived people of oxygen. People suffocated, and their lungs filled with liquid.
Finally, Mt. Vesuvius committed the final disaster. The last and the most powerful pyroclastic surge sailed across the Bay of Naples, and anything in its way was smothered, destroyed. Everyone was killed. Everything was gone. No one survived, and the great city of Pompeii lay under a huge layer of volcanic dust.
10 billion tonnes of pumice, rock and ash spewed out of Mt. Vesuvius in only 18 hours. Everything was buried for 1500 years. In 1594, Pompeii was rediscovered by accident. Eruptions like this are now called Plinian eruptions, named after Pliny the Younger. Eruptions like this only happen every 2000 years. When will the next one be?
