The modern theory of portfolio has clearly conceptualized the notion of optimal portfolio. According to this theory the investors always try to achieve the highest possible return from their investment in any asset or portfolio of assets while they want to minimize the associated risks. Actually the theory tells about the rational behavior of the investors who always intend to maximize the return from their investment with an acceptable level of risk. (Financial Concepts: The Optimal Portfolio).
In 1952 Harry Markowitz first uses such an approach of optimal portfolio selection.
His works has showed us that the investors can invest in different portfolio of assets having varying level of risks and returns. In this case first the investors are required to decide on the risks which they are able to handle and then they should diversify their portfolio based upon their decisions. Such an idea given by Harry Markowitz has brought revolution in the theory of financial economics and modernizes the functionalities of investment practice. All these workings of Harry Markowitz have been recognized by giving him the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990.
According to the basic principle of the economics, in the facade of trade-offs all the economic decisions are taken since the scarcity of resources is always there. According to Markowitz, the economic behavior of an investor can always be described by the trade-off between the expected return and the associated risk of investment. An investment decision can not merely be explained by the securities which an investor own, rather it is explained by the mechanism of divisions of the wealth of an investor among different securities.
The Essay on Issued Bonds Investment Risk Return
CBO CBO's (collateralized bond obligation) are sometimes called CDO (D = debt) and look somewhat like CMO's (M = mortgage). This would be a private equity investment because we would own the equity of the issuer not the CBO issued bonds. We are talking about a vehicle that owns some underlying asset, such as investment grade bonds (some use high yield but I suggest only looking at investment ...
Here comes the portfolio selection problem of an investor. In an article published in March 1952 and through all the subsequent workings, Markowitz has established the linier programming method for developing the algorithm of critical line which can be used to identify the possible portfolio of securities that minimize risk when the level of expected return is given and that maximize return when the level of risk is given. Standard deviation of the actual returns from the expected return is used as the measurement of risk.
The portfolio graph of standard deviation in relation to the expected return builds the efficient frontier which then can be used as a trade-off between the expected return and the associated risk. This efficient frontier is a replication of all the diversified portfolios as the portfolio diversification is a tool used to reduce risk. The basic meaning of portfolio diversification is very clear. It tells that a rational investor should not invest all his/her money in a single security, rather the investors must diversify his/her money into different portfolio of securities.
To select a portfolio of assets, a mean-variance analysis has been developed by Markowitz. For allocation of assets the technique of mean-variance analysis has been highly applied in the theory of investment over the last decade. The allocation of assets is nothing but the selection of portfolio of assets where the investors invest in a collection of securities rather than in an individual security. Portfolio analysis not only requires the formation of expected return and standard deviation of the assets but also the correlation of returns between each pair of assets of a portfolio.
(Kaplan, January, 1998).
Beta values of shares or beta coeffecients have been used by the investors for measuring the changes in the relative values of a share. When an investor put his/her money into a portfolio of assets, the beta values also help to assess the associated risks of investments. The beta value is calculated with the help of the historical share price of the assets and market index information. We can get an idea about the previous sensitivity of a stock relative to market by analyzing the beta values. (Share Prices – Beta Values, 2010).
The Essay on How To Establish A Share Portfolio
Before you can buy shares in a company you must first understand what they are and how they work. When you buy shares in a company, you are doing exactly that, purchasing your very own part in a business, even though its only a small part, the results can be rewarding. When the business makes a profit, it reflects in the share price and you make a profit as well. Managed funds are on offer for ...
Findings:
The theory of portfolio investment tells about the risk aversion characteristics of the investors. The investors are required to be compensated for holding more risky securities so that they take an additional amount of risk. If risk is higher, the potential return is also higher. The compensation provided to the investors for holding risky assets is known as risk premium. The risk premium of each share is different. When an investor invests in a particular share, the expected earnings of the investor from that share may be higher than the overall market if he/she perceives that the share is more risky.
Similarly the expected earnings from a share may be lower than the overall market is the investor perceives that the share is less risky in comparison with the market. Actually the relationship between the return expected from a share and the return expected from the overall market is described by the beat values. The standard index of beta is 1. This implies that in a trading day, if there is a 1% increase in the Australian Security exchange (ASX), a share price with a beta of 1. 5 is expected to increase by 1. 5%. Similarly the performance of the share would become worse if the market index falls.
Therefore, if the beta of a share is greater than 1, it implies that the share is more risky and high sensitive than the market index. If the beta of a share is less than one, it implies that the share is less risky and less sensitive than the market index. If beta is equal to 1, it implies that the share is following the market index. (WOW Fastrack Investment Group: Current goal – a share portfolio worth $150,000, n. d. ).
Analysis: In our analysis we have taken ten companies listed on the ASX. We have considered a time period of six years (1999 to 2004).
The Essay on The Behavior Of Emerging Market Returns
Currency devaluations, failed economic plans, regulatory changes, coups and other national financial 'shocks' are notoriously difficult to predict and may have disasterous consequences for global portfolios. Indeed, these characteristics often define the difference in investment in the capital markets of developed and emerging economies. Research on emerging markets has suggested three market ...
The historical share price of these 10 companies is taken.
We take weekly data for our analysis. Beside these 10 companies we have also considered another company ( Westpack Banking)as standard with which we will measure the movement share prices of these 10 companies. The starting date of the data is 4th January 1999 and the end date of the data is 14th June 2004. Since we have considered weekly data as available, to calculate return of each asset, we transformed the returns into the 52 week average value. Finally we take the 6 years average return of those 52 week average value as the asset means of those 10 shares. We have shown this by the table 1 as follows.
