Cultural norms and dominant ideologies determine the manner by which our culture encodes/decodes images. Encoding is the process by which the creator of a work, through conscious or unconscious means, inserts certain meanings into their work. Encoding also takes into the account the context of the work-where it is displayed and by whom it is seen. Decoding are the interpretations that the viewer comes up with, whether they be “intended, unintended, …(or) even merely suggested meanings”.
According to Stuart Hall, this process of interpretation, also called semiotics, can be further broken down into three distinct categories: Dominant-hegemonic reading, negotiated reading and oppositional reading.
Dominant-hegemonic reading describes the viewer/decoder as a passive subject, one whose interpretations is in unanimous agreement with the dominant message. The message/image entirely satisfies their socio-cultural experiences and norms. Oppositional reading is the utter rejection of the dominant reading, one where the reader rejects or reconfigures a message entirely.
Negotiated reading then is more realistic, taking into account that no one message will unquestionably satisfy all our cultural perceptions and that we therefore engage in a state of ‘negotiation’. We accept a part of the dominant reading, but also allow our cultural experiences to transform or “even override the meanings imposed by producers and broader social forces”. In this process, the viewer takes on an active role of interpretation, using his/her experiences to decode messages within the context of the society in which he/she lives.
The Essay on The Pleasure Of Meaning
ter> Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Abstract People often confuse satisfaction or pleasure with meaning. It is one thing to ask "How" (what Science does), another to seek an answer to "Why" (a teleological quest in most cases) and still different to contemplate the "What for". For instance: people often do something because it gives them pleasure or ...
The Classic Horror Films were made during the Production Code in 1930, which “forbade…the depiction or mention of homosexuality, or ‘sex perversion’, as it was classified.” Benshoff points out that the Queer Monster immerged during this period and through encoded messages, satirizes the suppression of homosexuality and its stereotypes in popular media.
Using Benshoff’s ‘negotiated’ theories, a close examine at the antagonist characters in The Old Dark House suggest peculiar ‘queerness’ in them. “Normal” people find themselves trapped by a rainstorm in an obscure looking house inhabited by “freaks” and “monsters”, all of whom display some form of homosexual trait or another.
These “monsters” display traits that can be decoded as “incest, necrophilia, …homosexuality, androgyny, sadomasochism, and orgiastic behavior” (43 Benshoff).
Whereas the dominant/hegemonic-reading audience would unquestionably decode these clues as just pure entertainment, it is easy to see that the campy dark humor in this film was intentionally placed to satirize the oppression of homosexuals during this period.
An actress is chosen to play the part of the old man, Roderick Femm. A woman playing a man’s part suggests androgyny. His son, Horace Femm, in a “fruity effete manner” proclaims, “I am rather a nervous man” (43 Benshoff).
He then tries inviting Mr. Waverton into his bedroom, ambiguously uttering, “There are one or two things that I should very much like for you to see.” Mr. Waverton refuses and we are left to speculate on what those ‘things’ might be. This unrevealed “thing” can be decoded to be symbolic of homosexuality oppression, for although they existed in society, any mention or acknowledgement of their existence was deemed unacceptable.
Rebecca Femm, his sister, is a butch and deaf lady, who is obsessed that the “sins of the father” have damned the house. Once again, these “sins” are never revealed, leaving us to decode what the androgynous Roderick Femm may have done in this house. “No beds!” she screams every now and then, “No beds!”.
The Term Paper on Culture Acceptance of Homosexuality in the African-American Culture
Different factions of sociologists depict men. Functionalists suggest that a division of labor originally arose between man and women because of the woman’s role in reproduction. By virtue of their larger size and greater muscular strength, men were assigned hunting and defense tasks. Conflict theorists reject functionalist arguments as simply offering a rationale for male dominance. They contend ...
Other clues in the movie lead us to negotiate our own interpretations, with scenes such as Horace referring to his sister saying grace as a “strange tribal habit” to Morgan’s uncanny grief for the death of Saul suggesting some sort of unrevealed attraction/attachment.
Stuart Hall’s theories, therefore, work very well in decoding The Old Dark House. James Whale’s work has called something that might be termed to be a “gay sensibility”, which is the “sensibility of a man who recognizes his status as a sexual outsider… [and] someone who acknowledges his difference from the heterosexual hegemony” (41 Benshoff).
The Dark Old House is then a monumental work that symbolizes the homosexual repression.
