The human immune system is an amazing system that is constantly on the alert protecting us from
sicknesses. Thousands of white blood cells travel in our circulatory system destroying all foreign
substances that could cause harm to our body or to any of the millions of processes going on inside. Now
imagine a condition where this awesome system turns against the most complex organ in the human body,
the brain. Deadly as it is, this condition is known as Rasmussen’s encephalitis.
The meaningful research on Rasmussen’s encephalitis was begun (unintentionally) by Scott Rogers
and Lorise Gahring, two neurologists, who were at the time measuring the distribution of glutamate
receptors in the brain. Later on when more provocative information was found they enlisted the help of
James McNamara and Ian Andrews, epilepsy experts at Duke University Medical Center.
The details on Rasmussen’s encephalitis were very bleak at the time when the men began their
research. All that was known is that Rasmussen’s encephalitis was a degenerative disease of the brain
that caused seizures, hemiparesis, and dementia normally in the first ten years of life. The seizures that
were caused by Rasmussen’s encephalitis were unstoppable by normal anti-seizure drugs used
conventionally. What the worst part of the disease was that the pathogenesis for it were not known and
The Essay on Body Systems System Bones Brain
Body Systems There are 10 body systems, one of them is the Integumentary (skin). It is composed of hair, skin, nails, since receptions and oil glands. Its protect from outside, to regulate the body temperature, to make synthesis of hormones & chemicals and is used as a sense organ. Another one is the Skeletal System (bones). It is made of about 206 bones, that are divided in tho categories: ...
even worse was how it developed.
The first clue was delivered when Rogers and Gahring were trying to register the distribution of the
glutamate receptors using antibodies, that tag on to the receptor itself. The proteins that make up the
glutamate receptors(GluR) are only found inside the blood brain barrier(BBB).
Glutamate and a few
related amino acids are the dominant form of excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of
mammals. If one of these GluRs happens to wander into the actual bloodstream, that is outside the BBB,
it would be considered an outsider and destroyed immediately. So if these GluRs were put into the normal
blood stream then the immune system would produce antibodies which could then be used in the
searching for the glutamate receptors.
In order to test this theory the researchers injected the GluRs into the blood stream of a normal
healthy rabbit hoping to produce good results. At this point the experiment took a dramatic turn, after
receiving a few doses of the protein two of the three rabbits began to twitch, as though they were suffering
the pain of an epileptic seizure. Now the help of McNamara and Andrews was enlisted.
When McNamara and Andrews examined the brain tissue of the rabbits, they saw what seemed to be
a familiar inflammatory pattern, clumps of immune cells all around blood vessels. This description
exactly matched the description of persons suffering from Rasmussen’s encephalitis, moreover something
as this would never be found in a healthy brain. A healthy brain has its blood capillaries enclosed in the
BBB membrane, so such a case as the one mentioned above would not be possible.
As protective as the BBB is, it can be breached by something like a head injury. What was
happening was that the antibodies which were out to get the GluR proteins were somehow finding a way
The Essay on How to Be Healthy 2
Specific Purpose: “To inform my audience about how to eat healthy.” Central Idea: In this speech, I’ll be explaining why it is important to eat healthy, and give tips on what to do to initiate healthier eating habits. Introduction: Attention Getter: How many of you want to be healthy? Credibility Material: My mom is a dietitian; which is a person who specializes in the study of food and nutrition ...
into the brain and directing an attack towards all GluR receptor proteins in the brain itself.
After some more examinations Rogers and McNamara decided that these attacks were the cause of
the seizures that are often experienced by sufferers of Ramussen’s encephalitis. Then if the case is of
antibodies in the bloodstream, than sufferers of Ramussen’s encephalitis should have them in their
bloodstream and healthy normal peoples shouldn’t. When this was actually tested the results were
positive that Rasmussen sufferers did have these antibodies in their bloodstreams and healthy people did
not. These were not only the right kind of antibodies but, the very antibodies that caused the seizures in
people and rabbits. Thus when these antibodies were removed by plasma exchange(PEX) it caused a
temporary relief from the seizures but soon the body starts making more antibodies of the type and the
seizures start once again. After all the examinations two questions remained, why does the body mount
an immune response against one of its own brain proteins, and how do these antibodies get through the
BBB?
What is thought right now is that people get antibodies when they are infected by a microorganism
like a bacterium or a virus that is similar in structure to the GluR. When this happens the body mounts an
immune response against, and it just so happens that at this stage you suffer a blow to the head. This will
open your BBB to the antibodies and they will attack the friendly GluRs in the brain, causing seizures and
further opening your BBB to more antibodies.
Now a malicious rhythm begins: antibodies break through the BBB, inflammation is caused due to
the break in, seizures are now caused and BBB opens up further, further opening in the BBB cause more
seizures. The inflammation is caused by the autoimmune process against the GluR. All the seizures
occur where the initial break in the BBB happened due to a blow to the head, explaining why they
seizures are confined to just one hemisphere. The only problem with this theory is that the rabbits
The Essay on Encephalitis Chicken Pox
ENCEPHALITIS Encephalitis literally means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It may also be called 'acute viral encephalitis or aseptic encephalitis'; . Encephalitis is an infectious disease of the Central Nervous System characterized by pathologic changes in both the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and brain. It may be due to ...
developed seizures without ever being whacked on the head, but that also could be because a rabbit’s brain
is not as well insulated as a human’s.
Normally what happens to an individual is that after he or she is involved in this cycle the only
thing that can make for relief is the recurrent plasma exchange. This will only cease the seizures
temporarily, but they will start again when the body has made more new antibodies. After this has been
done many times the hemisphere in which sufferers of Ramussen’s encephalitis is present will deteriorate
to the point where a hemispherectomy has to be performed. This will render the person to mental
disintegration where he or she has no more mental capacity and generally to the point of no return, death.
Rasmussen’s encephalitis is a very deadly disease, but it is also a very rare disease, occurring in only
48 people between 1957 and 1987. As of now there are no FDA approved drugs for the sufferers of
Ramussen’s encephalitis. Now the researchers are working on a drug that will block the activity of this
particular antibody, but this could lead to further problems. If this drug is being administered and a
bacteria or virus of a similar structure as the GluR is present the body would disregard it and this would
cause more health problems. After all this bad news all one can say is, “Good luck” to the ones suffering
from this living hell.
Atkins, “Rasmussen’s encephalitis: nueroimaging findings in four patients.” AJR-Am-J-
Roentgenol. June 1992.
Blume, “Rasmussen’s chronic encephalitis in adults.” Arch-Nuerol. March 1993.
Hanovar, “Rasmussen’s encephalitis in surgery for epilepsy.” Dev-Med-Child-Nuerol.
January 1992.
Leary, “Clues Found To Rare Form of Epilepsy.” New York Times. December 5 1994,
pp. A4.
Whisenand, “Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen’s encephalitis,”
The Review on How Does Drug Abuse Affect Personal Development of Hong Kong Teenagers?
Liberal Studies: Independent Enquiry Studies Enquiry theme: How does drug abuse affect personal development of Hong Kong teenagers? 1. Introduction I am interested in the topic of drug abuse since I first study the bad effects of drug abuse. However, the reason I chose drug abuse as my enquiry topic because a new that I recently read .It showed a very dangerous trend appears in Hong Kong which is ...
Science. July 29 1994.
