Nose- external nares- nostrils divided by nasal septum- internal nares- opening to nasopharynx- hard palate- separates oral / nasal cavities- soft palate- posterior to hard palate- nasal concha e- projections of nasal cavity that cause turbulence in airflow- effects on humidity temp, filtration, olfactory sense- cilia- swear mucous and trapped particles into pharynx Pharynx- shared chamber- respiratory and digestive nasopharynx, oro pharynx, and larynopharynxLarynx- epiglottis- prevents food from entering the glottis- thyroid cartilage- adams apple- cartilage- posterior support-both protect above Sound- False vc- protect elastic true vocal cords Pitch- length, width, and tension Volume- force of airAomplification and resonance within pharynx, oral and nasal cavities and sinuses Words- formed by tongue, lips, and cheeks Trachea- windpipe is tough flexible tube supported by 20 traced cart. (C shaped rings open to esophagus) Bronchi- primary secondary tertiary and quaternary and quaternary Bronchioles- sympathetic innervation controls constriction and dilation of bronchioles Alveolar ducts open to alveolar sacs to alveoli made of simple squamous e pith. 150 million Alveolar macrophages- engulfing dust and particles- surfactant reduces surface tension within the alveoli to keep them inflated in exhalSquamous e pith of a- basement mem- en doth cap Lungs- right 3 lobe left 2 lobe- apex superior, base on diaphragm- mediastinal surf cardiac notch Pleural Cavities- parietal pleura (covers rib cage) & visceral pleura (covers lungs) are continuous & separated by pleura- reduce fri ct. Step 1- pulmonary ventilation- air into and out Step 2- Gas diffusion across res membrane Step 3- Storage and transport of O and CO 2 Step 4- Exchange of O and CO 2 between blood Pneumothorax- puncture of pleura lining Quiet breathing- inhalation contraction, ex passive- forced breathing- both in eh active Tidal volume- amount of air in and out during one cycle- Expiratory reserve volume- voluntarily expelled at end of cycle- Inspiratory Reserve Volume- taken in above the tidal Vital Capacity = IRV+ERV+TVR V- air after ERV alveoli no collapse MV- air after pneumothorax Nitrogen 78. 6% Oxygen 20.
The Essay on The pathway of air in amphibians, birds, fish, and humans.
How are they alike, and different? Is one more efficient than another? Gills/Lungs?HumansIn humans air travels into the mouth, or nose, and into the nasal cavity, followed by pharynx. The pharynx is where food and air cross paths. The pharynx increases the chance of choking, but also allows breathing when exercising and respiration though the mouth, if the nose is closed. Next, epiglottis opens ...
8% water vapor. 5% CO 2. 04%Parietal pressure- por potion of total press Determines rate of diffusion PN 2+P 02+PH 20+PCO 2 = 760 mg 98. 5% of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin- lower O content of tissue, increased temp, and decreased pH the more O 2 is released by Hb plasma transport- 7%hemoglobin binding- 23%carbonic acid oration- sodium bicarbonate- NaH CO 3 is formed in plasma 70%rate of cellular exchange = rate of capillary delivery and removal = rate of O 2 a sorption and CO 2 excretion respiratory rate = # breaths per min- medulla oblong ata controls RRC- inspiratory center (active during quiet) – expiratory center (active only forced breathing).
