Reduction in Poverty
Despite all the causes, India currently adds 40 million people to its middle class every year.[citation needed] Analysts such as the founder of “Forecasting International”, Marvin J. Cetron writes that an estimated 300 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will be middle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from 52 percent to 65 percent in the same period.[42]
Efforts to alleviate poverty
Since the early 1950s, govt has initiated, sustained, and refined various planning schemes to help the poor attain self sufficiency in food production. Probably the most important initiative has been the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country as poor spend about 80 percent of their income on food.
Outlook for poverty alleviation
Eradication of poverty in India is generally only considered to be a long-term goal. Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in the past, as a trickle-down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education, reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society, are also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. It is incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes have failed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when India became a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth is not at all even.
The Term Paper on Middle Class India Classes One
AN 214: Anthropology of India: Discuss the way urban middle-class identities have been debated in relation to changing kinship and consumption patterns with reference to the ethnographies you read. "Materialism is the new karma." (Pavan K Varma, 2005) Whilst numerical estimates of the Indian middle classes vary drastically, media images contribute to their portrayal as affluent consumers- ...
After the liberalization process and moving away from the socialist model, India is adding 60 to 70 million people to its middle class every year. Analysts such as the founder of “Forecasting International”, Marvin J. Cetron writes that an estimated 390 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will be middle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from 52 percent to 65 percent during the initial decade of liberalization (1991-2001).[citation needed]
Controversy over extent of poverty reduction
The definition of poverty in India has been called into question by the UN World Food Programme. In its report on global hunger index, it questioned the government of India’s definition of poverty saying:
The fact that calorie deprivation is increasing during a period when the proportion of rural population below the poverty line is said to be declining rapidly, highlights the increasing disconnect between official poverty estimates and calorie deprivation.[43]
While total overall poverty in India has declined, the extent of poverty reduction is often debated. While there is a consensus that there has not been increase in poverty between 1993-94 and 2004-05, the picture is not so clear if one considers other non-pecuniary dimensions (such as health, education, crime and access to infrastructure).
With the rapid economic growth that India is experiencing, it is likely that a significant fraction of the rural population will continue to migrate toward cities, making the issue of urban poverty more significant in the long run [44].
The Essay on Index Fell Percent Cents Accounting
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Some, like journalist P Sainath, hold the view that while absolute poverty may not have increased, India remains at a abysmal rank in the UN Human Development Index. India is positioned at 132ond place in the 2007-08 UN HDI index. It is the lowest rank for the country in over 10 years. In 1992, India was at 122ond place in the same index. It can even be argued that the situation has become worse on critical indicators of overall well-being such as the number of people who are undernourished (India has the highest number of malnourished people, at 230 million, and is 94th of 119 in the world hunger index), and the number of malnourished children (43% of India’s children under 5 are underweight (BMI<18.5), the highest in the world) as of 2008[45].
Economist Pravin Visaria has defended the validity of many of the statistics that demonstrated the reduction in overall poverty in India, as well as the declaration made by India’s former Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha that poverty in India has reduced significantly. He insisted that the 1999-2000 survey was well designed and supervised and felt that just because they did not appear to fit preconceived notions about poverty in India, they should not be dismissed outright[46]. Nicholas Stern, vice president of the World Bank, has published defenses of the poverty reduction statistics. He argues that increasing globalization and investment opportunities have contributed significantly to the reduction of poverty in the country. India, together with China, have shown the clearest trends of globalization with the accelerated rise in per-capita income.[47].
A 2007 report by the state-run National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) found that 77% of Indians, or 836 million people, lived on less than 20 rupees per day (USD 0.50 nominal, USD 2.0 in PPP), with most working in “informal labour sector with no job or social security, living in abject poverty.”[48][49] However, a new report from the UN disputes this, finding that the number of people living on US$1.25 a day is expected to go down from 435 million or 51.3 percent in 1990 to 295 million or 23.6 percent by 2015 and 268 million or 20.3 percent by 2020. [50]
The Term Paper on Million People One Australians Aboriginals
Mr Acting Speaker, in making my first speech in this place, I congratulate you on your election and wish to say how proud I am to be here as the Independent member for Oxley. I come here not as a polished politician but as a woman who has had her fair share of life's knocks. My view on issues is based on common-sense, and my experience as a mother of four children, as a sole parent, and as a ...
A study by the McKinsey Global Institute found that in 1985, 93% of the Indian population lived on a household income of less than 90,000 rupees a year, or about a dollar per person per day; by 2005 that proportion had been cut nearly in half, to 54%. More than 103 million people have moved out of desperate poverty in the course of one generation in urban and rural areas as well. They project that if India can achieve 7.3% annual growth over the next 20 years, 465 million more people will be lifted out of poverty. Contrary to popular perceptions, rural India has benefited from this growth: extreme rural poverty has declined from 94% in 1985 to 61% in 2005, and they project that it will drop to 26% by 2025. Report concludes that India’s economic reforms and the increased growth that has resulted have been the most successful anti-poverty programmes in the country.[51][52][53]
Economic Growth Is The Most Effective Way To Alleviate Poverty
Economic growth is the most effective way to alleviate poverty. Critically analyse this statement.
Introduction
The topic of development relating economic growth and poverty is not without controversy. It would be difficult to debate the fact that faster economic growth is associated with faster poverty reduction. But the question is, ‘to what extent?’ Criticism of growth oriented poverty reduction programs have increased, and in many circles it is not viewed to be the optimal and most efficient strategy, leading to intense research in the area. This paper takes a look at these different stances on growth oriented reduction policies, while arguing that although there continues to be a robust relationship between growth and poverty reduction, other measures must be taken alongside it to effectively alleviate poverty. In essence, this means that there is no one single pathway that can be taken. A full spectrum of strategies must be undertaken and the combined effort, not economic growth
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itself, will lead to successful development. The paper first looks at the different ways of viewing poverty, followed by an analysis of Dollar and Kraay (2000, 2002).
The Essay on Poverty, Growth And Income Distribution In Lebanon
This Country Study is based on a full national report that is the first to draw a profile of poverty in Lebanon based on money-metric poverty measurements of household expenditures. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of the poor and estimates the extent of poverty and the degree of inequality in the country. It finds that nearly 28 per cent of the Lebanese ...
It then briefly addresses growth on non-income poverty, before delving into pro-poor growth, and alternate policies affecting poverty reduction.
Ways of looking at poverty
We begin by observing the different definitions of poverty. Poverty must be viewed wholly, rather than in a monetary sense, before developing procedures to alleviate it. Up to the 1960s, poverty was economically determined, and standards of living were measured as income per capita (Sumner, 2007: 6).
This economic indicator, along with others such as ‘income-poverty lines’, and ‘income inequality’ were eventually expanded into ‘basic needs’ by people such as Dudley Seers. Seers (1969) expanded the meaning of development beyond GDP per capita and into basic needs, which included the physical necessities for a basic standard of living….
