Were Sacco and Vanzetti convicted and eventually executed because of popular beliefs about anarchy? The majority of the evidence on Sacco and Vanzetti points to the fact that they did not receive a fair trial, but why is that? Many people of the time feel that can be attributed to the fact that both of the men were Italian immigrants. While this may have aided the feeling of hated that was already preeminent at the trial. It was not however the main reason that the two men were not given their fair trial that every one is alleged to have the right to. The main reason that Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, and eventually executed with out the proper process of appeals, is the fact that they were members of a militant group of anarchists. Both Sacco and Vanzetti were members of a movement that was considered by many of the people of the day to be the evil advisory of the free world. This was the felling in the wake of world war one and the red scare. The movement of anarchism has never been led by a single man, but many people have been influential in its cause over the years. One such man was Luigi Galleani. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, was one of the leading Italian anarchists in America.
Sacco and Vanzetti adapted many of the major policies of Luigi during their time in America. This occurrence was a direct result of the many editorials that Lugi wrote in the anarchist newsletter Cronaca Sovversiva . This newsletter was terribly influential in both Sacco and Vanzetti?s lives. Vanzetti himself eventually wrote for the Cronaca Sovversiva. Both Sacco and Vanzetti had been know to distribute the pamphlet, Sacco did so while he was on a break at the shoe factory. One of the most under-debated topics of this unfortunate situation is the reason that Sacco and Vanzetti turned to anarchism in the first place. Many of the sources choose to ignore this question. Both Sacco and Vanzetti came from small Italian farming villages. Sacco was from an upper-middle class farming family. He was the third of seventeen children. His father owned land and had hired hands that would work with Sacco in the fields. Sacco was never really one for formal education. He was just a hard worker with good family values . So why did he turn to anarchism? Much of the same could be said for Vanzetti. He came a slightly smaller family that had just decent socio-economic status it his hometown.
The Term Paper on Sacco Vanzetti Italian Men People
Sacco-Vanzetti Trial: 1921 This is the story of two men, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo "Bart the Beard" Vanzetti, and how the State of Massachusetts indicted ... in the streets or been deported. Many of these Italian immigrants had family back in Italy who they saved up their meager ... -examine the witnesses and did not even point out the fact that VANZETTI DID NOT KNOW HOW TO DRIVE A CAR! A ...
He was formally educated and excelled quickly. But his father removed him from his studies to learn a trade when he had heard that several layers were applying for the same job with less pay than a tradesman would be earning. Forty-two men competing for one position that paid thirty-five lire. Eventually Vanzetti was placed in an apprentice ?ship for a bakers trade. He was away from his home for several years at the age of thirteen, working late and lonely hours. The only way he found to entertain himself was with random readings and religion. Vanzetti was a devout Catholic. He loved his mother more than anything else, and to be away from her made his heath slowly deteriorated. He was returned home to help his health return. Shortly after Vanzetti recovered his mother fell ill with cancer. She was in constant pain for three months. In the last few weeks of her life her suffering was so intense that her husband could no longer bear to witness her pain. This left Vanzetti to care for his mother alone. She would eventually die in his arms. He later stated that he buried part of himself when he buried his mother. He was so distressed that he would go days with out speaking. Following these events he never had a relationship with any woman besides his mother .
Her death scared him to the point were he was not able to speak of his mother even during his time in jail, more than 10 years after his mother had died. When he boarded with a co-worker?s family they stated that he never had a guest of the female persuasion, nor did he ever have a date. He was also very exclusive with his time to the young boys of the family. This may have either represented the fact that he was afraid to get attached to women, or it may have represented that he was attracted to little boys. Either way his mother?s death seemed to rattle his faith in God. This event shocked him to the point were he had left for America, because in his own words ?There was nothing left for me to but come away. I had to put the seas between me and my grief.? Vanzetti?s feelings towards the developments in his life may have been a reason for his sudden turn into anarchism. While Vanzetti came to America to escape grief, his intentions were to start a new life filled with happiness and prosperity. He like most other immigrants felt that America was the ?land of freedom-freedom not merely to gain wealth, for which we cared little, but freedom of the mind and of ideas. We always think that a natural right, and in that is our happiness.? So what led a man in search of freedom in America to pick up arms against this country? To most of the immigrants who came to this country, around the turn of the century to the First World War, America was the fairy tale that they were looking for.
The Essay on Ethnic America Thier Immigrants Today
Ethnic America Today, America is made up of many different kinds of people. There are so many cultures that make America unique. Ethnic America, by Thomas Sowell, gives an excellent example about why these different groups immigrated from there homelands to come to America. Sowell also mention's the economic and cultural contributions made by these different cultures to our nation. The author ...
Upon arriving in America many immigrants were disappointed at what they saw. Extreme prejudice hampered their ability to mingle in with the rest of society. The lack of quality jobs also hurt immigrants. Poverty and language barriers ruined their dreams of property ownership and comfortable living that had been promised them in their homelands. Much of the myth of streets paved with gold and boundless opportunities were concocted by people looking to make money in their homeland. Shippers and merchants did their best to swindle whole families out of their savings. Often they promised many things that they knew America did not have, just in order to make money. These shippers and merchants often had men out on the town singing the praises of going to America. Stories of boundless opportunities and limitless freedom. Overcharging and overbooking was prevalent, by those who would look to make a great deal of money. The desire to fight back against the people that had taken advantage of them may have been a primary motivation for immigrants to pledge themselves to something with such a reputation for being a radical movement. This could have been one of the main reasons for the raise in popularity of anarchism amongst immigrants.
The Essay on African America American Immigrants People
Section I- The Closing of the Frontier A) The Non-Indians that settled in the Great Plains rapidly was do to the search for silver and gold. 1. ) The Continental Road, system was a major factor for such settlement it carried people to the west. Do to the enormous Buffalo and cattle ranching gave birth to the cowboys. 2. ) The architectural reform lied to people that were emigrating from ...
Sacco and Vanzetti both coming from middle class families, were never really used to such exploitation. They also knew what it was like to have a stable income. This may have inspired them to take up the cause of helping to better the lives of their fellow immigrants. Rather than looking at the problem on small scale as did many immigrants both Sacco and Vanzetti decided that they needed to assault the source. Instead of looking to form unions to prevent corrupt business, or attempting to take their grievances to the government, they elected to shoot over the head of the government and protest government itself. Anarchy as a movement attempts to annihilate all government. Capitalism is too well renown for its ability to keep the lower classes suppressed while keeping them alive and working for the upper classes. Sacco knew what it was like for lower classes due to the fact that he had several men working under him to help his family farm in Italy. Sacco felt that the lower classes were mistreated in America. He had worked side by side with the lower class while not exploiting them. He felt that the way his father had treated the migrant farm workers was the proper way to treat a human being of lower class status.
Being in a stable family with decent economic status he could have returned to Italy if his situation ever got to grim. However he may have felt that he needed to stay and help champion the cause of the worker. By working hard and getting ahead Sacco could help out the less fortunate people who did not have the means to return to their native countries. Some people had the means to return home but their conditions back home were no better than that of the ones plaguing them in America. To them a newer more open form of oppression and a fresh start was worth fighting for. Sacco held on to his ideals and worked his way up the ladder. During his struggles he was able to gain access to anarchist writings. Sacco felt he was becoming a good soldier in the revolution that anarchism was to inevitably bring about. He wanted to help, what he felt were the wheels of justice rolling. He handed out the writings to entry level workers to help give them something to dream about, sort of an excuse to continue on fighting to stay alive. This theory is supported by the dream that Sacco had while he was in jail. Sacco expressed a dream that he endured in jail to help sum up his feelings in his later days.
The Essay on United State Man Government States
Democracy is a form of government in which citizens agree to work together in ruling a state. Today, the essential features are that citizens bee free in speech and in assembly. This agreement between the citizens must be accomplished in order to form competing political parties, so all voters are able to choose the candidates in regular elections. The tem democracy comes from the Greek words ...
He described the scene as unions strike in a Pennsylvania mining camp. Government soldiers, who represented capitalism, barged in armed with riffles and bayonets in order to break up the strike. Sacco jumped to his feet and tried to urge the workers to hold their ground, while trying to appeal to the human side of the soldiers. ?Remember that everyone of us we have a mother and a child,? Sacco stated, ?and you know that we fight for freedom which is your fight.? During his attempt to appeal to the hearts of the soldiers he was shot in the heart. He woke up with what Sacco refereed to as a ?sweet dream? fresh in his memory. He tried to link the fact that government as well as their soldiers have no heart, or feelings, while he was willing to die for his fellow workers and their ideals. This dream came from the mind of a simple man who was trying to establish symbolism and irony along with his desire to be a martyr. He was not trying to save himself at this point but trying to set the wheels rolling, and if this were to occur Sacco felt he would be remembered for all time as one of the first men to die for the glorious cause of what his narrow mind believed to be freedom. Following the assassination of President McKinley, anarchism was perceived as a terrible cultish enemy of the United States of America.
It was to be established as a hated ideal once powerful members of American Government were receiving bombs. In the wake of this scare and the begging of America?s entry into World War One, both Sacco and Vanzetti fled their lives in America to go to Mexico. This was done in order to escape the draft. Much of the foreign immigrants were not ordered to fight, but they feared that if for some reason the Government wanted to round them up the government would have knowledge to were they were. They were not sure if they would bet put interment camps or even jailed as spies. Sacco left his wife for more than a year and a half rather than starting a new life under an assumed name, as most of his anarchist friends did. He met Vanzetti there in Mexico. They also met with other leading militant Anarchists. In Mexico they all suffered great hardships. This tested their ideals, and hardened their beliefs. They all went back to America after being exhausted and defeated. Most of the men never returned to their original lives. Sacco lived under an assumed name till he could return to his wife and family. Sacco was a man who was as detected to his family as he was his job. He was a tireless worker, and a great family man spending almost all of free time with his wife and kids.
The Review on Of Mice and Men Book Report
In the book “Of Mice & Men” the two main characters are George and Lennie. The setting of the story seems to be set back in the early 1900’s or the late 1800’s by the dialect they use. The two characters have a unique relationship. The first character is a small quick man with strong features his name is George. The other man is very large with a shapeless face and is also quite slow his name ...
Yet Sacco?s desire to free his fellow man from the shackles of oppression made him give this all up for more than a year and a half. Sacco was either wonderfully na?ve man with the best of intentions or he was a terribly phony man striving for the to achieve greatness. He was more likely too naive to know that his undying faith in anarchism would eventually rob him of the life he had worked so hard to achieve. Those are the reasons that Sacco and Vanzetti turned to anarchy. But the main point of this essay to point out the reasons why they were convicted. For starters Fred H. Moore was the chief council. Mr. Moore was himself a radical and made his living as a defender of radicals. He was not a member of the Massachusetts bar assassination thus he was, unfamiliar with the pollicies and traditions of Massachusetts bench. This often led to the judge being offended by his inability to recognize and follow the proper etiquette of the courtroom. In addition to this it helped to fuel Judge Thayer?s severe hatred of radicals or as he refereed to them ?reds?. Judge Thayer is an enigma. There was a great deal of horrible precedents set in this case due to his intolerance of anarchists.
He was unique in his prejudice, most people involved were prejudice against the two men because they were Italians not because they were ?reds?. Popular feelings about anarchy going into the trial were far from positive. Judge Thayer was responsible for helping the shift the negative focus off anarchism and helped develop some of the first modern cynical feelings towards the government. If not for Communist Russia and the second red scare anarchism may have developed into a popular movement. Judge Thayer was rather inconsistent with his decisions. His ignorant comments to the press dammed him in the eyes of the public. His prejudices carried over into the jury. Think about it for a minute. The judge in a case you are on the jury for constantly attempts to make the guilt of the defendants obvious. It may sway your opinion towards guilty. A judge appears to be a respected and educated member of society. Mr. Thayer took advantage of his position in the courtroom to sway the opinions of the jury every chance he got. He allowed several bizarre testimonies. For example he allowed the prosecution to establish the validity of a witness who?s testimony was less than reliable. The witness who was known as Splaine had seen Sacco leaving the scene of the crime.
Palestine By Joe Sacco A Book Review
Joe Sacco's graphic novel, Palestine, deals with the repercussions of the first intifada in Israel/Palestine / the Holy Land. The story follows the author through the many refugee camps and towns around Palestine as he tries to gather information, stories, and pictures to construct his graphic novel. While the book is enjoyable at a face level, there are many underlying themes conveyed throughout ...
Viewing the scene from a distance of from sixty to eighty feet, she saw a man previously unknown to her in a car traveling at fifteen to eighteen miles per hour. She only saw Sacco for from one and a half to three seconds. Yet after more than a year she testified and said this? The man that appeared between the back of the front seat and the back seat was a man slightly taller than the witness was. He weighed possibly from 140 to 145 pounds. He was muscular, an active-looking man. His left hand was a good-sized hand, a hand that denoted strength.” Sacco had small hands. Also when she was asked to identify Sacco in a lineup Sacco was the only man in the line up. Not terribly difficult to identify a man when he?s the only one there.
This may have been done due to the police?s prejudges against ?reds? or even to cover their own backsides. If the police did not convict Sacco or Vanzetti, then it looks as if they botched the case. None of the sources blame the police for allowing the other two men to escape and eventually be deported before they could be charged with any crime. This would have made the police out to be incompetent. How would the press react to what now was anarchism against our justice system? If none of the perpetrators were brought to justice then capitalism and the police look bad. It would look as if the police and the immigration officers were not on the same page. That would send a message to other anarchists that they could get away with almost anything, and that may have started the revolution that Sacco and Vanzetti were striving for. That would have been a dangerous precedent, and anarchists looking to make more of a shocking impact on capitalism would probably not stop at robbing a shoe factory. That is the most ironic part of this trial, the fact that getting acquitted may have given them more influence on the movement than dying for it did. Sacco and Vanzetti free and leading the anarchist movement with their newfound fame and influence may have prompted many people to attempt terrorist acts, or just to even jump on the anarchism bandwagon.
Anarchism gained so much positive publicity during the trials and many influential people, such as Upton Sinclair, rose up to champion the fight for Sacco and Vanzetti. If that movement succeeded in freeing Sacco or Vanzetti then it may have developed into a serious threat. More so if only one of them got aquatinted. This would have provided anarchy with one martyr and a new leader who is ready to corral the people that got behind him in jail. And that theory may have proved too dangerous to the police or even the government. That may have been enough to prompt the government to set up the trial with a judge whom they knew to be a hater of ?reds?. How would the court system not know of Judge Thayer?s extreme hatred of ?reds?? Normally when a judge makes public comments to the press about how he is going to convict someone there is some sort of intervention. Conspiracy is too strong of a word to describe what happened to Sacco and Vanzetti. But during reassert for this paper its is a word that was used over-zealously. Many of the anarchists and sympathizers felt that there was a conspiracy. This was not the case. The government may have allowed a crazed bigot to be the judge for this trial simply to allow him to take the blame for the trial being a farce.
The government did not want Sacco or Vanzetti to be free men after they gained such attention, but to suggest a conspiracy is to step to the extreme. The Government did not realize the magnitude of this case until it had received so much publicity. There was almost no way that the government could have had any idea that a shoe payroll robbery would result in world wide support for the two defendants, and create tension in their own cities. But there is no doubt that the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti was a terrible mockery of the United States justice system. That is why it will haunt America and forever remind it?s people that capitalism, and the courts are not immune to prejudice and narrow minded people. It dose not really matter how terribly the case of Sacco and Vanzetti was handled, because the only people who have ever heard of it are anarchists, historians, layers and relatives of the people involved. One of the darkest moments in our nation’s history has been shrouded in mystery and left out of the minds of most of the people in this nation. It leads one to wonder just what other great tragedies and fallacies of this country have produced in the past, just to let there stores be forgotten and buried into obscured library books.
Of the sources used in this paper none helped develop the ideas expressed more than the writings of Felix Frankfurter. ?The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti? in The Atlantic Monthly originally published in 1927, was one of the most helpful and easiest reads of the primary sources. It provided a great deal of information about the mood of America during the time of the trials. He also stated in brief and interesting form about the details of the trial. He did not express much background about the two men but he was extremely informative. His book The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti, A Critical Analysis for Layers and Laypersons from 1927 was also extremely helpful. He used much of the same material as he had in the article, but he also developed the testimony more. Felix also helped the research along by giving info about the forensics of the case. For example he helped his readers to understand about the ballistics expert witness, and his findings. Other primary sources included article by Upton Sinclair ?the Fishpeddler and the Shoemaker.? In the Institute of social studies bulletin 2 from 1953. Holton James wrote ?New Light Coming on the Sacco and Vanzetti Case.? For Unity on august 15 1932.
James Oneal and G.A.Werner wrote American Communism: A Critical Analysis of its Origins, Development and Programs. Originally printed in 1927, this book helped me to understand the narrow-minded opinions of the public feelings about communism and anarchy. The book made shaky arguments based on little factual information. William Young and David E. Kaiser wrote my best secondary source. They wrote Postmortem: New Evidence in the Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. This source was the best collaboration of factual information out of any of the sources I had researched. William Young died during the writing of this book. Before he died Mr. Young handed the information over to his friend Mr. Kaiser. Due to the fact that this book has two authors it tends to reflect two distinct conclusions and personalities in the writing. Mr. Young?s writings revolved around ten years of intense research, while Mr. Kaiser?s writing is more of removed impartial viewpoint. The majority of questioning revolves around Bullet III. Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991.Mr. Avrich while articulate, tries to hard to paint Sacco and Vanzetti as ?unheralded martyrs?.
He shows how they grew up and lived their lives before their arrest in an attempt to generate sympathy. Mr. Avarich is more concerned with the effect Sacco and Vanzetti had on future anarchists than proving them innocent. All but two of the secondary sources provided little insight. This occurred only because the manner which information was presented in these books. Richard Suskind wrote By Bullet, Bomb, and Dagger: the Story of Anarchism. It was published in 1952 during the height of the second red scare. The whole book reads as anti-anarchy propaganda. Mr. Suskind states that Sacco and Vanzetti were victims of an Idea. David Felix wrote Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals. Apparently Mr. Felix believes that many figures in American History were zealots. With this book He tries to dispel the ?mystery of the Sacco and Vanzetti legend? with proposing the fact that tolerance is the best option. Much of the book was written rather as to ensnare the average person. The book is not written as if it were history, it is written as if it was a police crime story. Herbert Ehrmann wrote The Case That Will Not Die: Commonwealth vs. Sacco and Vanzetti. This book was not original by any means.
All the ideas expressed in this book had been expressed before. Maps, five volumes of the record of the trial, along with several personal interviews help to prove this point. Mr. Ehrmann?s main point is that Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent not only based on the evidence but based on their morals and beliefs. Discontented America: The United States in the 1920?s was written by David Goldberg. This book had a great amount of detail on the prejudice and miss-information regarding anarchy and communism. The Progressive Anarchist by Lawrence Morley explores the various different aspects of anarchy. Much of the book appears to be a revolt of some sort. Mr. Morley appears to have been wronged by society and now feels that he needs to lash out. In his doing so he provided an excellent background into the world of anarchy. The other secondary sources used in this paper were, Lynn Druminel?s The Modern Temple: American Culture and society in the 1920?s, James Davidson and Mark Lytle?s After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection, Joseph Kadane?s A Probabilistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evidence, and Francis Busch?s Prisoners at the Bar: An Account of the trials of, the William Haywood Case, the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, the Loeb-Leopold case, the Bruno Hauptmann Case. During the hard hours of research done on this paper it became evident that the whole process of the numerous trials were unfair. This was due to the fact that anyone who played any kind of part in this drama was extremely prejudges towards anarchists or ?reds? in general. Many of those people?s ideas about anarchy were limited at best. Most of the important players believed that anarchy was a more evil form of communism. Even the so-called educated people involved in this farce did not know exactly what anarchy was, but they still hated it. Hatred with out knowledge can be a terrible thing. At times it can corrupt what an entire nation stands for.
Bibliography:
How and why did popular feelings towards anarchy lead to the ultimate dimise of Sacco and Vanzetti? Frankfurter, Felix. ?The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti?. The Atlantic Monthly. 1927. Writen and copywriten in 1927 for Atlantic Monthly this flashback reprinting on the official Atlantic Monthly web page did a fantastic job of capturing the mood of America shortly before the conclusion of the case. It surved to inform about the outcry of public emotion to set Sacco and Vanzetti free. It also used a great amount of case evidence that Mr. Frankfurter feels should have set them free. Oneal ,James and G.A.Werner. American Communism: A Critical Analisis of its Origins, Development and Programs. New York: E.P.Dutton & Co., Inc, 1947. This reprint of the original 1927 version attempted to lump together a great deal of political and social groups into one big bad communistic catigory. Though it only mentions Sacco and Vanzetti briefly it allows for a feeling on how narrow minded the views of anarchy were during the time of the trial. Much of the book makes shaky arguments based on little factual information. Suskind, Richard. By Bullet, Bomb, and Dagger: the Story of Anarchisim.
New York: Macmillian Company, 1952. This whole book reads as anti-anarchy propaganda. Mr. Suskind states that Sacco and Vanzetti were victoms of an Idea. He also attempts to remove all creditability from Sacco and Vanzetti. Felix, David. Protest: Sacco-Vanzetti and the Intellectuals. Indiana University Press, 1965. Mr. Felix belives that many figures in American History were zelots. He tries to dispell the ?mystery of the Sacco and Vanzetti legend? with proposing the fact that tolerance is the best option. Much of the book was written rather as to ensnare the average person. The book is not written as if it were history, it is written as if it was a police crime story. Young, William and David E. Kaiser. Postmortem:New Evidence in the Case of Sacco and Vanzetti. Ahmerst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985. William Young died during the writing of this book. Before he died Mr. Young handed the information over to his friend Mr. Kaiser. Due to the fact that this book has two authors it tends to reflect two distinct conclusions and personalitys in the writing. Mr. Young?s writings revolved around ten years of intense research, while Mr. Kaiser?s writing is more of removed impartial viewpoint.
The majority of questioning revolves around Bullet III. Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti:The Anarchist Backgound. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991.Mr. Avrich while articulate, trys to hard to paint Sacco and Vanzetti as ?unheralded martyrs?. He shows how the grew up and lived their lives before their arrest in an attempt to generate sympathy. Mr. Avarich is more concerned with the effect Sacco and Vanzetti had on future anarchists than proving them innocent. Ehrmann, Herbert B. The Case That Will Not Die: Commonwealth Vs. Sacco and Vanzetti. Boston, Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. Mr. Ehrmann makes a rather convincing case based on hard facts and various interpretations of thousse facts. Maps, five volumes of the record of the trial, along with several personal interviews help to prove his point. His main point is that Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent not only baised on the evidence but based on their morals and beliefs. Goldberg, David J. Dicontented America: The United States in the 1920?s. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1999. A great amount of this book was deticated to world war one and the effects on the home front. It contributed a great amount of detail towards the feelings of every day Americans during the years of the Sacco and Vanzetti trials. A great amount of detail on the prejudice and miss-imformation regarding anarchy and communism. Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temple: American Culture and society in the 1920?s. New York: Hill and Walg, 1995. The majority of this book was devoted to the family culture and American popular feelings. It described every day life in greater detail than the great events of the 1920?s. Ms. Dumenil expresses a slight bitter tone in her writtings.
Davidson, James West and Mark Hamilton Lytle. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1992. This book paints a rather vague picture of the entire event. It tells the whole story with out going into a terrible amount of detail. Much of the information provided is well founded. Morley, Lawrence. The Progressive Anarchist. Yorkshire, England: Onex Publications, 1971. This book explores the various different aspects of anarchy. Much of the book appears to be a revolt of some sort. Mr. Morley appears to have been wronged by society and now feels that he needs to lash out. In his doing so he provided an excellent background into the world of anarchy. Kadane, Jospeh b. A Probablistic Analysis of the Sacco and Vanzetti Evedence. John Wiley and Sons, 1996. This book was involed in a series of probabilty and statistic books that over analize the various aspects of the statistical information involved in the case involved. The book it self was not very informative as far as background information goes. Much of the information involved had nothing to due with the anarchist aspect of the case. Busch, Francis X. Prisoners at the Bar: An Account of the trials of, the William Haywood Case, the Sacco-Vanzetti Case, the Loeb-Leopold case, the Bruno Hauptmann Case. William S. Hein & Co, 1998. Mr. Busch spent so much time reviewing all of these cases that his book was rather segregated. His ideas about all the men involved in the Sacco and Vanzetti case were put together with to little info used to back it up. Word count 942
