Schizophrenia is one of the most common serious psychiatric illnesses. It affects one percent of the general population. This is a socially and financially devastating disease that robs people of their most productive years of life. Schizophrenia still continues to be one of the most complex, puzzling and disabling of the major mental illnesses.
Most symptoms develop in men around the age of sixteen and twenty-five years old, and around twenty-five to thirty years old in women. Schizophrenia rarely develops in children and most schizophrenics appear to have a normal childhood. A delusion, which is a false belief that defies logic and common sense, is a common symptom of schizophrenia. The person thinks someone is watching them constantly or they think people can read their mind. Hallucinations, hearing, seeing or sensing something that isn?t there, are another common symptom of schizophrenia. Some people experience heightened senses, which is hypersensitivity of sense that leads to visual distortions. Others experience auditory hallucinations. They sometimes carry on conversations or are told to do things by one or may voices that are not there. Very rarely, but still as devastating, some experience visual hallucinations or smell odd smells coming from themselves. (Young, 67-68) More that 300,000 adults in this country are unable to distinguish their imaginations from reality (Cookson).
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In the 1700?s and the 1800?s, before much was known about mental diseases, schizophrenia was thought of as witchcraft (Nichols).
Anyone who displayed signs of this disease was thought to have been possessed. The Puritans believed “distraction”, as they called it, was either possession by the devil, or punishment for sins. Yet, the strange behavior of those afflicted was looked upon with tolerance. Through much of the 1700?s, family or friends were expected to take care of the mentally ill. Dorothea Dix was a school teacher who took up the cause of the mentally ill in the mid 1800?s, found disturbed individuals living in sordid conditions, “confined in cages, closets, cellars, stalls and pens: chained, naked, beaten with rods and lashed into obedience.” She worked to help these people live a more normal life. (Goode) A dismal outlook for schizophrenia was dramatically changed in the 1950?s with the development of the first antipsychotic drug, Chlorpromazine (Thorazine).
Since then, more that a dozen other similar-acting antipsychotic medications have been developed. These drugs work by blocking binding sites of dopamine, which is a main factor in schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was first used as an antihistamine. Then, it was found to calm hyperactive schizophrenic patients out of withdrawal and reduced major symptoms of the disease. A lot of false medication was used before the discovery of chlorpromazine. An insulin coma, as one example, was used to relieve most symptoms by overloading the patient?s body with insulin. This helped some patients, because it calmed them down, but killed most of them. Electroconvulsive therapy, where brief pulses of electronegativity are passed through the brain, was also used. It was thought that using this type of treatment, symptoms could be reduced or eliminated, but it did neither. This only helped the severely depressed and only calmed them for a little while. Doctors also attempted a frontal lobotomy, which was a surgical removal of the front parts of the brain. A frontal lobotomy was done because it was thought that the front part of the brain was responsible for schizophrenia. This did nothing but make a quieter patient.
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These practices were commonly used to try to suppress the main symptoms of schizophrenia. Mainly, these practices did nothing but torture the patient and make him or her suffer extremely. (Young 67-68) Many schizophrenics will carry on conversations with voices or people who are not really there. The voices may tell them what to do and how to harm themselves or others. This puts the patient at a huge risk for committing suicide. The medication that is prescribed to them attempts to stop the voices or other symptoms. In turn, most schizophrenics would experience severely painful side effects. These side effects included constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth and blurred vision, which would most like diminish after a few weeks. Other side effects that is less likely to diminish included restlessness, slurred speech, trembling of hands and feet, muscle rigidity in the neck and head. Most patients experienced a tremendous amount of weight gain and could not lose the extra pounds, while some also experienced sun sensitivity and fainting.
The next story is one case of schizophrenia. It shows what a typical schizophrenic would go through in life. The ending is like most schizophrenics, where the stress becomes too much and the patient attempts to escape it by killing themselves. Eighteen to fifty-five percent of people living with schizophrenia attempt suicide, with more than ten percent of a success rate (Bathen).
Many schizophrenics cannot cope with the stresses of everyday life and feel that the only way to escape would be to kill themselves. Environmental factors can affect the person too. If the person is constantly treated as a nuisance, is abused about how the act or is not shown love and understanding, he or she may be lonely and turn to other things to help them deal with it. In turn, some talk to the voices in their heads and actually think that the situation is really that bad and may listen to what they are being told. It can be quite frightening for the patient. Janet was 15 in the late 1960?s. Her parents assumed she was rebelling like the rest of the kids were during that time. They took Janet to an adolescent specialist and were told there was no need to worry. In 1972, after changing schools for the third time, she lived at home and became a born-again Christian. She would lie on her bedroom floor and would scream, “I?m damned to hell and my family is damned to hell.” She would slam her sister against the wall. She tells them “You?re not my family.” She left home and moved in with a cult leader in downtown Boston, collecting donations on the street and ate from open carts in the North End.
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At nineteen, she asked her parents to meet her outside a counseling center. She runs to the car, screaming, and she hit her father on the shoulder. She was taken to the emergency room where she was put on the psychiatric ward. This was Janet?s first hospitalization. (Goode) Janet was shuffled to and from private and city hospitals. Some doctors told her parents its best if she was at home, yet others told them not to take her home. She was prescribed numerous drugs, alone and in combination. They make her muscles stiff and her hands tremble. They do nothing to help her. Sometimes, she would escape the hospitals and disappears for months. Sometimes, she was discharged and her parents were not told. One night, she was picked up for hitchhiking. Another time, she was arrested for shoplifting. She stayed in halfway houses or at home. In her last years, she lived in a halfway house for two and a half years. She occasionally broke the rules, but she otherwise was on her best behavior. On August 25, 1986, the painful news arrives to Janet?s parents. She has killed herself by drinking several bottles of nail polish remover and jumping from a second story window. (Goode) This story, although sad and painful, is what many schizophrenics go through. Anyone who has seen up close the disintegration of a mind by schizophrenia can understand the pain of this horrible disease. Many schizophrenics experience far worse than what Janet has went through. Some lose total touch with reality and do not know what is real and what isn?t. They experience things in a much different frame of mind than others. Many schizophrenics end up like Janet, taking their own life to escape the torment of this living hell.
Dealing with a schizophrenic is very hard work. It is made even harder when the person is in your family and is someone you love. To try to calm a schizophrenic during a temper tantrum is near impossible due to their lost connection of reality. Also, attempting to make the person realize their hallucination or delusion is not real is also very hard and painful. All one can do is to watch the patient to make sure he or she does not hurt themselves and that they are ok. It is a very painful process for both the caretaker and the patient. Schizophrenia is in part caused by an inability to cope with the psychological stresses of human existence. Stress is a pressure that a person finds difficult to cope with. Overwhelming stress can cause schizophrenic like symptoms to appear. Schizophrenia is also caused by a chemical overload in the person?s brain. This causes the brain to be off balance and causes these horrible symptoms. Environmental factors also affect the disease and can irritate the symptoms. Negative experiences with family or friends can cause schizophrenia to develop more versus positive experiences that can keep the schizophrenic gene down so that it can never bother a person.
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Schizophrenia, A splitting of the mind Dementia Praecox, the early term for schizophrenia was presented by Emil Kraepelin in 1898. Dementia Praecox included - dementia paranoids, catatonia and hebephrenia. Whilst these different entities are symptomatically very diverse, Kraepelin believed they shared a common core. Kraepelin noted several major symptoms in his patients, these included ...
The risk factors for developing schizophrenic are not for certain, but some psychologists have found some factors that can influence the development of this disease. Some inherit the disease but it?s affected by environmental factors also. If family communications are poor, a patient is more likely to develop schizophrenia, such as hearing negative or confusing messages. Separation from parents can also be a major factor. Being shuffled from one family member to another, or being placed in a foster home and not having a stable family life can also have a tremendous effect on the development of this disease. School problems can affect the risk also. If a student has a short attention span, a poor short-term memory or a high level of anger can be a main sign of developing schizophrenia later in life. This is because the extra stress in his or her life, due to family or school related problems could put a strain of the child?s life, causing a higher risk of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia runs in the families mainly. Ten people out of one hundred who have the schizophrenic gene will get the disease if their mother or father has the disease. If the mother and father both have the disease, the chances for developing the disease is doubled and will most likely have schizophrenia later in life. Someone who inherits a schizophrenia gene has an average one-in-three chance of actually developing the disease. Ten to fifteen percent of schizophrenics have the disease in their immediate family. Some psychologists believe that some people inherit the disease by the way a child is raised. The environment that the child is raised in can affect the disease because the child may have a hard time adjusting or dealing with the negative influences in his or her life. If the parents have the disease, then they are more likely to raise the child in a way that he or she will most like develop it. By the way the child is nurtured or the nature in which they are raised is a major factor in whether or not the child will develop schizophrenia. Researchers have found that if one of the two identical twins has schizophrenia there is a thirty five to sixty percent chance the other twin will develop the disease also (Cookson).
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Whereas in fraternal twins, if one of the two has schizophrenia, there is only a ten to fifteen percent chance the other twin will develop the disease (Cookson).
Schizophrenia is a difficult and trying disease. It is one of the most common serious psychiatric illnesses. Having this terrible mental illness is hard for everyone involved. Schizophrenia is a socially and financially devastating disease that robs people of their most productive years of their life. This illness robs people of their most productive years of their lives, forcing them to live a majority of their live on medication, out of touch with reality. Many people who have this disease spend half of their life unable to live a normal, productive life due to the major symptoms of this illness. Although advances have been made in this work, schizophrenia continues to be one of the most complex, puzzling and disabling of the major mental illnesses. Hopefully, one day, a cure can be found for this horrible illness and the people affected by this can live a normal life on a daily basis. Sirs: Mental Health Vol. 5, Article 52 *http://schizophrenia.mentalhelp.net/* California Journal Oct. 97 pg. 12-17 “Mental Patients at Risk in Research” Financial Times April 30, 1996 pg. 12 Sirs: Mental Health Vol. 5, Article 52 U.S. News and World Report April 24, 1989 pg. 55-65 Sirs: Mental Health Vol. 4, Article 9 Kahn, Ada P., M.P.H., Fawcett, Jan, M.D. Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group New York, NY 1993, pg. 325-328 The Dushkin Publishing Group Inc. Guilfort, CT. 1992 pg. 91, 107-108,109-110 Sirs: Mental Health Vol. 5, Article 22 “Real Lives, Imaginary Terror: Schizophrenia” Sirs: Mental Health, Vol. 5, Article 77 Chelsea House Publishers New York and Philadelphia 1988 pg. 13-111
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