Abstract: Religions, myths, rituals and theologies are understood by many scholars somehow to possess or transmit essential truths or values that magically transcend their particular setting. In a word, ‘things religious’ are presumed from the outset to be extraordinary, thus requiring special interpretive methods for their study. This essay attempts to reverse this penchant in modern scholarship on religion by presuming instead that those observable activities we name as ‘religion’ are an ordinary component of social formations and, as such, can be sufficiently studied by drawing on the methods commonly used throughout the human sciences. Using ‘the problem of evil’ as a test case, the essay argues that seemingly privileged or unique discourses on evil are but ordinary efforts at establishing cognitive intelligibility and overt political justification.
There is nothing more difficult to convey than reality in all its ordinariness. Flaubert was fond of saying that it takes a lot of hard work to portray mediocrity. Sociologists run into this problem all the time: How can we make the ordinary extraordinary and evoke ordinariness in such a way that people will see just how extraordinary it is? (Bourdieu 1998: 21) Theology as Ordinary Human Data When I first read Pierre Bourdieu’s above comment on the surprising effort it takes to represent ordinariness as extraordinary, I was struck by the importance of his seemingly subtle point. It is important for three reasons. First, it takes seriously the insider’s unreflective understanding of their own social worlds – after all, the object of study throughout the human sciences is people simply doing what they happen to be doing.
The Essay on Religion and Human Experience
Hinduism can be traced back to ancient Aryan civilizations about four thousand years ago and is based on polytheism with various forms of rituals. Upanishads are documented texts which came about after probing the religion and finding ways of attaining spiritual insight from within and for life in general. Brahman is one who sees the divine as being one in all aspects and the Atman which is the ...
Second, Bourdieu helps scholars to focus their attention on the techniques whereby people represent a subset of their behaviors (i. e. , what they happen to be doing) as important, meaningful, and worthy of reproduction and transmission (i. e. , what they must or ought to be doing).
Finally, both of these points reinforce the notion that scholars are not in the business of merely paraphrasing a group’s own articulate or reflective understanding of themselves; instead, we bring our own curiosities, value systems, and sets of anticipations (i. e. , theories) to bear on our human data, leaving us responsible for making this or that cultural act significant in a whole new way. For scholars concerned with studying those assorted cultural practices easily understood by most everyone in society to be obviously important – I’m talking here about those things we call ‘religion,’ by the way – Bourdieu’s comment has profound implications.
If we presume those beliefs, behaviors, and institutions usually classified as ‘religious’ to be nothing more or less than instances of completely ordinary social-formative behavior, then the trick would be to develop an interest in the ways that such routine social acts come to stand out as privileged in the first place. The trick, then, is not simply to reproduce the classification scheme, value system, and hence sociopolitical world, of one’s informants (i. e. , the so-called religious people themselves), but to bring a new language to bear, a language capable of re describing the indigenous accounts of extra ordinariness, privilege, and authority as being ordinary rhetorical efforts that make extra ordinariness, privilege, and authority possible. In a word, the trick would be to make participant rhetoric’s and indigenous self-reflection on ‘religion’ one’s data. I am therefore part of a scholarly tradition that sees theology and its practitioners as nothing more or less than native informants 1; they are but one more group whose reports and actions are in need of study and.
The Essay on Spiritual Consciousness in Santmat and Other Religions a Comparative Study
“There is a pupil of the eye inside the pupil which itself is inside the pupil of the eye, some rare Sadhu has seen it. There is a lotus of four petals in Trikuti which is the region of Om, reveals great Saint Kabir Sahab. Param Guru Huzur Sahabji Maharaj, fifth Revered leader of Radha soami faith and founder of Dayalbagh also explains; “The greatest discovery that has ever been made or that shall ...
For instance, I recall that the Protestant process theologian and advocate of liberal religious pluralism, John Cobb, once spoke at a university where I was teaching; I found it rather odd attending his talk for I did not see myself there as Cobb’s colleague or dialogue partner. Rather, I attended the lecture much as an anthropologist might attend a ritual ceremony – as a participant-observer gathering descriptive data for later theoretical reworking. Scholars of religion, such as myself, therefore conceive of and study theologians as elite social practitioners, as generally privileged, influential mythmaker’s. 2 Although not all of the scholars of religion’s data will come from the ranks of theologians (after all, not all of the people and groups we study are involved in the articulate, systematic reflection and rational expression on the meaning, context, or implications of ‘the faith’), all theologians are fair game as data. It is for this reason that I decided to open a collection of my essays with an epigraph taken from David Lodge’s novel, The British Museum is Falling Down: ‘I don’t have any myself, but I believe in other people having religion’3; I believe in other people having religion for the simple reason that, without such people, their claims, and the institutions they establish and reproduce, scholars of religion would have nothing to study.
Answering the How and Why Questions.
