New CMD-resistant cassava varieties released in Nigeria
A.G.O. Dixon, M. Akoroda, R.U. Okechukwu, P. Ilona, F. Ogbe, C. Egesi, G. Ssemakula, L. Sanni, J. Lemchi, C. Ezedinma, B. Maziya-Dixon, O. N. Eke-okoro, E. Okoro, A. A. Adeniji, G. Tarawali, and K. Nwosu.
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Newly released varieties in Nigeria
TME 419 TMS 98/0581 TMS 98/0510 TMS 98/0505 TMS 97/2205
Introduction
A severe form of cassava mosaic disease (CMD), started in Uganda in the mid1990s, and spread to neighboring countries and beyond. The severe CMD is caused by a highly virulent Ugandan strain of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV-Ug2), an interspecific hybrid of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV).
When EACMV-Ug2 co-infects cassava with ACMV, the symptoms are very severe. The CMD pandemic in Uganda led to cassava being almost totally abandoned, resulting in food insecurity there in the late 1990s. ACMV and EACMV, which recombined in Uganda to produce EACMV-Ug2, both exist in Nigeria and when they co-infect cassava, the plants also suffer very severe damage. Even if EACMV-Ug2 does not spread to Nigeria, varieties with a diverse genetic make up for resistance to CMD are needed to forestall any eventual evolution of a new, severe strain. A strategy was adopted using a large pool of human resources. NARS, universities, industry, government, farmers, and processors were to engage in activities to lead to cultivar-substitution. The susceptible varieties on farmers’ fields would be replaced by superior genotypes that are not only CMD resistant or tolerant but also high yielding with a high dry matter content.
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TMS 96/1632
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TMS 92/0057
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TMS 92/0326
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TMS 98/0002
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NR 87184
METHODS
During the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons, on-farm trials (OFTs) and demonstration trials (DEMOs) were conducted using a fast track participatory selection approach in 12 target States: Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu, Imo, Ondo, and Rivers. In addition, 18 multilocational trials (MLTs) (2003/2004), and 32 MLTs (2004/2005) were also conducted across the different agroecologies of Nigeria. The NRCRI during this period also conducted the National Coordinated Research Project (NCRP) on cassava. Over 40 new clones were evaluated along with three known checks (TMS 30572, TMS 4(2)1425, TMS 82/00058).
Scientists conducted the MLTs. The farmers conducted the OFTs and DEMOs with assistance from the various State Agricultural Development Programs.
RESULTS
The varieties released after 2 years from IITA and NRCRI were TMS 98/0510, TMS 98/0581, TMS 97/2205, TMS 98/0505, TME 419, TMS 92/0326, TMS 96/1632, TMS 98/0002, TMS 92/0057, and NR87184 (Plates a–j).
From data analysis of 2500 trials (OFTs, DEMO, MLTs, and NCRP, across 2 years) these released varieties were found to have multiple resistance/tolerance to CMD and other major problems of cassava, bacterial blight disease, anthracnose, green mite, and mealybug. They are high yielding, suitable for use as food and livestock feed, also as a raw material in industry. This poster shows the morphological characteristics to inform the public on how to identify these new, improved varieties. The ten varieties are now extensively multiplied for wide distribution to farmers to sustain cassava cultivation and preemptively manage the virulent Ugandan strain of EACMV.
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Origin/Source of variety: Name of developing/introducing organization: Adaptation: Pest/disease tolerance: Outstanding characteristics: a. General Descriptors Original name or Breeder’s code Pedigree Days to maturity (months) Potential root yield (t/ha) b. Specific Descriptors Plant type Branching habit Height of branching Suitability for mixed cropping Color of unexpanded young leaf First fully expanded leaf color Pubescence of young leaf Central leaf lobe shape Petiole color Young stem color Stem color Flower Root neck length Outer root skin color Inner root skin color Pulp color CNP (ppm) Dry matter of fresh roots (%) Gari yield (%) Starch from root flour (%) Sugar (%) Protein (%) Ash (%) Fibre (%) Amylose % of the starch Tall (3–4 m) Usually no branching Not applicable Very suitable Orange Green Absent Lanceolate Green Dark green Brown Absent Short Brown White or cream White or cream 110.1 39 23.5 65.7 4.6 2.3 1.5 1 18.7 Moderate in height (about 2 m) Profuse branching Low (about 0.5 m) Not suitable Purple Plum (reddish purple) Absent Lanceolate Green with taint of light orange towards the leaflet Dark green Brown Present Intermidate Brown White or cream White or cream 95 39 18 66.9 4.7 3.7 1.7 1 19 TME 419 Gbasekoute OP 12 35.2 TMS 97/2205 TMS 30572 × TME 6 12 31.8 TMS 98/0505
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In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad one of the major themes is the perversity of the Congo. What is good and evil in the European world becomes distorted and hazy in the heart of Africa. To the outside world white is good and black is evil; it is as simple as that. This philosophy is embodied in Marlows aunt, who believes that his job is to bring light into the land of darkness and to ...
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International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan and National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike IITA and NRCRI Widely adapted across the agroecologies from the humid forest in southern Nigeria to the savanna in the north Cassava mosaic disease, bacterial blight disease, anthracnose disease, cassava mealybug, and cassava green mite Very suitable for mixed cropping, high yielding, suitable for food, industry, and livestock
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TMS 98/0510 97 DTP REP 2 bulk 12 37.5 Moderate in height (about 2.5 m) Moderately profuse Moderately high (about 1.2 m) Fairly suitable Brown Lavender (very light purple) High pubescence Lanceolate Green Dark green Brown Absent Short Brown White or cream White or cream 109.9 34 26.3 66.8 5 3.3 1.7 1 20.2
TMS 98/0581 MPR POP REP 1 bulk 12 47.3 Tall (about 3 m) Moderately profuse 0.5–1.0 m Fairly suitable Purple Green with taint of red towards the base of the leaflets High pubescence Elliptic Red Green with taint of red light yellow Absent Short Tan (yellowish brown) White or cream White or cream 114.7 36 22 68.1 5.1 3.4 2.3 1 19.8
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TMS 92/0057 (TMS 30555 × TME 1) HS 12 37.7t/ha tall (2–3m) branches moderately Low (1.0–1.3m) fairly suitable Purple Purple Absent Lanceolate Red green light Gatsby Symbol Daisy">light green with red taint Brown Present Short Brown Cream White 155ppm 39.3 29.6 73.0 4.41 2.57 1.56 1 18.52
TMS 92/0326 (TMS 91934 × TME 1) HS 10–12 39.5t/ha tall (2–3m) branches lightly low (0.7–2.0m) Suitable lime (yellowish green) lime (yellowish green) present elliptic Red green with red taint light brown Present Short brown light yellow White 80.8ppm 29.4 21.3 78.9 5.20 2.32 1.7 1 20.71
TMS 96/1632 TMS 94/0325 × TME 7 12 43.2t/ha tall (about 3m) branches sparsely high (about 1.5m) fairly suitable Brown lime (yellowish green) light Lanceolate red interspersed with green towards the base light green light brown Present Short Light brown light yellow Cream 230.5ppm 42.9 24.4 81.3 5.3 3.3 1.75 1 18.88
TMS 98/0002 97 DTP REP 1 10–12 48.4t/ha moderate in height (2m) branches profusely low (about 0.5m) not suitable lime (yellowish green) bright green Absent Lanceolate light green light green Light yellow Present Short light orange White White 86.8ppm 38.3 22.9 73.4 3.9 2.7 2.58 1 18.18
NR 87184 83 DTP REP 1 10–12 34.6t/ha tall (about 3m) branches profusely low (0.1–1.1m) not suitable dark yellow bright green Absent Lanceolate Green
97 DTP REP 2 bulk 12 45.5 Moderate in height (about 2 m) Profuse Low (about 0.5 m) Not suitable Dark red Lime (pale green) Little pubescence Elliptic The base is lime which graduates into orange towards the leaflets Green Light yellow Present Absent Tan (yellowish brown) White or cream White or cream 77.4 36.2 22.5 67.1 4.5 4 1.8 1 20.2
Commonly available old improved varieties in Nigeria
TMS 30572 TMS 4(2)1425 TMS 82/00058 NR 8082
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After the events of this story have unfolded, the narrator Nick, focuses on the man most like himself; Gatsby. Both Nick Carraway and Jay Gatz hail from the mid-west, where morals and the right way of getting ahead are instilled into them. They travel to New York, where the morals are paper-thin and everything seems turned upside down. The saps with morals stay in the ashheaps while the careless, ...
Green Brown Present Short Brown light yellow White 89.8ppm 41.6 25.9 60.8 – – – – –
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Integrated Cassava Project, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA).
Ibadan Office: PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria International Mailing Address:IITA-Integrated Cassava Project C/o Lambourn (UK) Ltd Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road Croydon CR9 3EE, UK E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cassavabiz.org ; www.iita.org
Telephone: (+234 2) 241 2626 Fax: (+234 2) 241 2221
Correct citation: IITA Integrated Cassava Project, 2007. New CMD-resistent cassava varieties released in Nigeria© Designed and printed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria. Concept: R.U. Okechukwu
Graphic Layout: C.O. Geteloma
