The Scientific Improvements of the Great Arabic Empire. Numbers? 1,2,3,4? a lot of people take them for granted, however do most of them think about how these numbers came to be? These numbers were introduced to the Western world by the Arabs. Among this, the Arabic Empire made a lot of tremendous improvements in the field of scientific knowledge. By being open-minded and tolerant towards other cultures and science the Arabic Empire made great and numerous improvements in the field of science, realizing its importance. Furthermore they sought out the scientific knowledge of other cultures, improved on it, and introduced it to the West. This was an essential step and will have As much as the Arabs did, they didn?t start from scratch. There was much work done before them, the most prominent by the ancient Greeks and the Hindus. The Greeks had great minds, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes ? who is believed to be more like a modern scientist than anyone else. These people were the greatest of their time. They made a great deal of discoveries, improved the science. Each and every one of them had thousands of students, and what? Archimedes discovered , did anyone else know about this? Europe was in the hunters-gatherers stage, and would be tribal for a long time.
The Greeks could have made even more improvements if they knew what the Hindus were doing. Plus it can be easily seen that the government didn?t care and didn?t approve of science. Socrates was the first great scientist. Plato was his student. In 399 B.C.E. Socrates was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death. He was officially charged with corrupting the youth and worshipping false gods. Plato ran away and for a long time was in fear of execution. The Hindus made a lot of improvements in algebra. They made the decimal number system we use today and much more. But again, who knew? ? ? efflorescence which reached its first glory under the Gutpa dynasty and was further enriched? at a time when most of Europe was culturally in limbo.? (McLeish 115) Hindus welcomed science, but not fully realizing its importance, didn?t spread it. It was only the Arabs who fully realized what they were doing and spread it. ?Baghdad and Cordoba, the Eastern and Western Caliphates? [were] like the two terminal points of a gigantic intercontinental system? between which the intellectual current? flowed? through the superconductive cable of a single Arabic language? The flow was from East to West because ? to carry on the metaphor ? in general the Orient was the transmitter and the West was the receiver.? (Words by Karl Menninger, Mcleish 137) Everything was important and accepted form the smallest to the biggest discoveries.
The Term Paper on Contribution Of Babylonians In Science And Technology
Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), withBabylon as its capital. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories of the former Akkadian Empire. Babylonia adopted the written Semitic Akkadian language for official use, and retained the Sumerian languagefor religious use, ...
The Arab contributions are called ?The Renaissance of Number and Science.? From the very beginning, unlike previous governments such as the Greeks, Arab governments welcomed and sought science. The second Abbasid Caliph, Al ? Mansur, put much effort into searching out and bringing ?men of science? to the caliphate. The third Caliph, Harun al ? Rashid, not only wanted, but ordered that a collection of Greek scientific works was made, the fourth, Al ? Mamun, created a ?House of Wisdom?. Here all of the great scholars worked together. A lot of progress was made and a lot of Greek works translated. Another thing Al ? Mamun did was that he set up a large astronomical observatory in Baghdad in 829. (Mason 96) In this observatory observations were made by Al ? Battani ? the greatest astronomer of the caliphate. ?About this time, Al ? Khwarizmi, died c.835, introduced Indian numerals and Indian Methods of calculation to the Muslim world, though his algebra was inferior to that of the Hindus.? (Mason 96) Yes, the numbers that we use today were introduced to the world. This is a pure example of the Arabs seeking out science. ? For example, the people of Mohenjo Daro, an Indus Valley civilization of some 5000 years ago (2550- 1550 B.C.E.) used a simple decimal system, and had methods of counting, weighing and measuring far in advance of their contemporaries in Egypt, Babylon or Mycenaean Greece?(McLeish 115) This was used in India in the 20th century before the Common Era.
The Term Paper on Gender and Number Systems of English and Bangla
English language, number and gender are the major elements of secondary category. They have some individual character traits and features of their own, which make them different than the number and gender systems of other languages. Therefore automatically there comes the issue of compare and contrast them with other languages. In this assignment paper, I will present a detail compare and contrast ...
Alexander the Great conquered India in the 4th century B.C.E., nothing was adopted even though this system by the 4th century B.C.E. was far more advanced and clearly easier to use. The Roman Empire who succeeded the Greeks took the science from them. Their number system was clumsy and had many problems. The number 1997 was represented as MCMXCVII, what about a number such as 1,234,567? Try dividing CXLIV by XXIV. Also a bad number system prevented the Greeks (being very good in Geometry) make improvements in algebra. Pythagorus, even though he calculated the value of had great difficulty with decimals. However, India then, was a part of the Arabic Empire. And the Arabs sought out their science. Since Al ? Khwarizmi died in 835 C.E. this was relatively early in the Empire. As much as the Muslims were tolerant towards Jews and Christians they didn?t like pagans ? idol worshippers. The Hindu religion has many Gods. So since this was relatively early, not a lot of the Hindus converted to Islam. There was no love to lose between them. The relation was bad, so there was no flow of science between the two. The Arabs would have to go and seek out the science.
Al ? Khwarizmi organized and explained this system of numbers and the way the operations are done upon it in his book ?The book on Addition and Subtraction by Indian methods?. (Mason 96) He made multiplication and division tables. He also dealt with fractions, decimals and powers ? quadratic equations, linear equations. He knew that some equations have negative roots but never talked about it because it wasn?t practical in real life. Furthermore he also introduced the binary and hexadecimal systems which are now used in computers. (McLeish 138 – 48) ? Of all the early Arabian astronomers the greatest and justly the most famous was without doubt Abu ?Abdallah al ? Battani?. (Ronan 208) Al ? Battani was Muslim but came from a family of the Sabian religion and kept some of its beliefs. The Sabian religion is an ancient Mesopotamian religion and has astral theology and star lore (as defined in Ronan 208).
The Essay on Great Religions And Philosophies Greek Philosophy
Great Religions and Philosophies. : Greek Philosophy. In the 6 th century B. C, there began a dualism in Greek Philosophy. The development of Greek Philosophy became a compromise between Greek monistic and oriental influences, in other words, a combination of intellectualism and mysticism. Thus began the pre-Socratic philosophy. The interests of pre-Socratic philosophers were centered on the world ...
This again shows the tolerance, seeking out and appreciation of great scientists. In the studies of Al ? Battani you again can see the seeking out of science. His reputation rests largely on his ?Kitab al ? Zij or Book of Astronomical Tables?. Before writing this book he studied the Greek observations of the stars extensively. He also studies the observations made before him by the Hindus and previous Arabs. He found a lot of mistakes in them, ? ? led him to try to improve theories about celestial motions and the inferences drawn from them based on new observations, just as Ptolomy had done using the observations of Hipparchos.? (Ronan 208 – 09) He invented a lot of useful instruments for measuring sizes and distances of celestial objects such as the ?Triquetum?. Also the Greeks, Ptolomy, came close to trigonometry but it was actually Al ? Battani who adopted the sine and cosine ratios which made the creation of the astronomical tables much easier. (Ronan 224) Even though the 9th through the mid 10th centuries were times of revolutionary improvements, the late 10th through the early 12th centuries were just as important. During this time improvements were made on previous discoveries of the Arabs as well
as of course the Greeks. This was very important, because it shows that the Arab empire, unlike the Greeks, welcomed science and, unlike the Hindus, realized its importance. The dawn is here; arise my lovely one, Pour the wine, but slowly, and touch the lute, For those who are here will not stay long, While those departed will never return.
Omar Khayyam Gheyas ad ? Din Abu al ? Fath Omar Khayyami or Omar Khayyam as he was know to the West was not only a great poet as he is again known to the West, but one of the greatest mathematicians. He improved on Al ? Khwarizmi?s algebra (Mason 99) that was written some 350 years before, this was the difference between the Arabs and the peoples that came before them, not that they didn?t improve but it wasn?t the same ? the Arabs realized fully what they were doing. But improvements on Al ? Khwarizmi were only a relatively small part of all his contributions to mathematics. A lot of his work was for a new concept ? the algebrazation of geometry. The Greeks made great improvements in geometry but because of a bad number system not a lot in algebra. The Hindus were known for their numbers (algebra).
The Essay on Science Fiction Escape Work Characters
People are always looking for a good way to escape the pangs of work. Since work is so important in society today that it is almost impossible to avoid doing work without having to pay the price in the future. The perfect escape would be one that alleviates the strain of work yet does not incur any future expenses. Many people have found science fiction novels and movies to be great escape ...
The Arabs before, separated the two, however the separation was by Khayyam. While improving on Al ? Khwarizmi?s algebra of quadratic equations he also handled high power equations and represented the equations as figure such as the parabola, ellipse or solid figures like the cube. He also solved simultaneous equations both algebraically and geometrically. (McLeish 149 ? 54) Physics compared to the other sciences was underdeveloped. The ancients like the Greeks only got some results from philosophy and pure observations of the real world which in a lot of the cases are misleading. Al ? Haytham or Alhazen as he was known to the West, was the greatest physicist of his time. Even considering his work relatively little improvement was made in this field. Nevertheless it was still science and was valued highly in Arabia. Alhazen could?ve studied even more if it wasn?t for the disastrous start of his career. He got in big trouble with the Caliph and since the Caliph was rather eccentric and murderous Alhazen proclaimed himself insane and didn?t do much until the caliph died, by then Alhazen was By the example of Alhazen we can see how the Arabs sought out science. To oppose something you don?t have to fully know it.
However to scientifically oppose something you have to know in depth the thing you oppose to provide correct and sufficient proof. Since physics was underdeveloped Alhazen had to really dig in to the Alhazen?s major work was in optics. ?He opposed the theory of Euclid, Ptolomy and other ancients, that the eye sends out rays of light to view objects. Alhazen held that rays of light came from the object seen, light spreading out spherically from any source. His experimental study of magnifying glasses? he showed that Ptolomey?s crude law? to be true only at small angles.? (Mason 99) His major book that talks about these things is simply called ?Optics?. Another physicist al ? Hazini made also an important improvement, it wasn?t a new discovery, but he wrote a textbook of all physics that was know now anybody that had the will could have studied and understood a least parts of physics. A similar thing was done by ibn ? Yunis, a prominent astronomer. He summarized the astronomical work that was done in the past two hundred years. (Mason 99) Since science was an important part of the Arabic culture all of these summations The science of chemistry as a separate didn?t really exist.
The Essay on Hard work and dedication are important values
Hard work and dedication are important values that can contribute to the development and growth of a person. Given the challenges that may come along the way, we can use this to help us stand up and continue fighting on. This in turn helps facilitate learning and appreciation in an intensified manner. Since I believe that hard work can transcend over talents and skills, it is one facet that I had ...
However since all science was sought, welcomed and important, work other than Alchemy was done Jabir ibn Hayyan was the most prominent of the Arabic alchemists and it was really his work that gave a start to the science of chemistry. (Ronan 238 ? 39) The greatest of the late advancements was made by Al ? Kashi. He calculated the value of to sixteen decimal places and calculated all of the ratios with similar accuracy. This is why his astronomical tables were so extraordinarily accurate. (Ronan 203) What is even more important, ?He wrote an elementary encyclopedia on practical mathematics for astronomers, surveyors, architects, clerks and merchants.? (Ronan 223) Because everything was explained so simply and clearly that all of the people listed could have used it. That is also the reason why it flowed so smoothly to the West, even a simple merchant could have explained something. Among this Al ? Kashi made a lot of other summaries. He was recognized throughout the Empire, and his death was heavily As time went on the Arabic Empire turned into the Ottoman Empire and science was not important. It was because of the constant conquering and war. Also it was not entirely the Ottomans, who rejected science willingly, they were partially forced to.
By the time of the Ottoman Empire, because of the current flow of Arabic knowledge to the West, the Westerners were educated and because war had to be primary in Arabia gradually became more advanced. However the flow of advancements from Europe to Arabia was not the same as it was from Arabia to the West. Nevertheless the Arabic improvements in science were tremendous and will never be lost. The Arabs were the first ones to fully realize the science?s importance. They were tolerant to other cultures and not only welcomed the science of them, but sought it out as With all due respect to the numerous and tremendous work with all of the knowledge gained, perhaps the greatest improvement was the introduction of the Hindu numbers. It made everything much easier and smoother. The Arabs during the height of their rule compiled an extraordinary amount of work and advancement of scientific knowledge, the most until very recently. However, as much as the Arabs did, there was and still is much more to be done. The Arabs strove towards science and so should we, to quote Herbert Simon, a Nobel Prize winner, ?One finds limits by pushing them?.
The Research paper on Education Crisis in the Arab world
PrefaceKnowledge and education are the backbone of every society. Knowledge is power and critical to development of any country; also, knowledge is one of the few human resources that does not perish, but rather proliferates through consumption. The competition between nations for ground-breaking research, innovation and technology is intense as history witnesses. The right to education was first ...
Bibliography:
Works Cited. Gliozzi, Mario. Storia Della Fisica. Translation by E.L. Bernstien Second Volume 1965 ?MIR? Publishing Company, Moscow 1970 Mason, Stephen F. A History of the Sciences. Collier Books, New York 1962 Mcleish, John The Story Of Numbers: How Mathematics Has Shaped Civilization. John McLeish 1991 Resnicoff, H.L. & Wells Jr., R.O. Mathematics in Civilization. H.L. Resnicoff & R.O. Wells 1984 Ronan, Colin A. Science: Its History and Development Among the World?s Cultures The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited 1982
