Figures may be missing from this format of the document Abstract: Many self-theories presume that discrepancies between the self and goals for the self influence emotional experience. The present research compared how discrepancies from ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves predict negative emotions. In particular, the research tested Ogilvie’s (1987) claim that the undesired self has stronger effects on well-being relative to ideal and ought selves. A total of 231 participants completed several measures of self-discrepancies and negative emotions.
Consistent with Ogilvie’s hypothesis, discrepancies from the undesired self significantly predicted negative emotions, whereas discrepancies from the ideal and ought selves did not. No type of discrepancy, however, predicted negative affect when global selfesteem was entered as a predictor, indicating a lack of incremental validity for self-discrepancies. Article: Many self-theories presume that discrepancies between the self and goals for the self influence emotional experience. The present research compared how discrepancies from ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves predict negative emotions.
In particular, the research tested Ogilvie’s (1987) claim that the undesired self has stronger effects on well-being relative to ideal and ought selves. A total of 231 participants completed several measures of self-discrepancies and negative emotions. Consistent with Ogilvie’s hypothesis, discrepancies from the undesired self significantly predicted negative emotions, whereas discrepancies from the ideal and ought selves did not. No type of discrepancy, however, predicted negative affect when global selfesteem was entered as a predictor, indicating a lack of incremental validity for self-discrepancies.
The Essay on Positive and Negative emotions 2
There are countless benefits associated with the experience of positive emotions. Life is hard, but experiencing positive emotions can become a stress-reducer, open our minds, build enduring resources, and improve our overall well-being. Negative emotions tend to narrow our thoughts to a limited set of possible actions that might be taken in response to an emotion-evoking situation (Baumgardner & ...
People distinguish between the self as it is and the self as it could be (Markus & Nurius, 1986).
Representations of possible states of the self function as goals and standards (Carver & Scheier, 1998; Duval & Wicklund, 1972), so it is important to understand how these self-states influence self-regulation. Several theories have examined how representations of possible selves differ (Carver, 1996; Higgins, 1987; Ogilvie, 1987) and whether these differences influence emotion and action (Leary, 2003; Ogilvie, 1987; Phillips & Silvia, 2005).
Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) proposes that discrepancies from ideal and ought selves create negative affect. Ogilvie (1987), in contrast, suggests that the undesired self-an avoidance-based self-goal-has a more powerful influence on emotions relative to ideal and ought selves. The present research examines how these three kinds of possible selves-ideal selves, ought selves, and undesired selves-predict emotional experience. Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) posits three domains of the self: actual, ideal, and ought.
The actual self is the person’s representation of who he or she is currently. The ideal self is the representation of who he or she would like to become, such as wishes and aspirations for the self. The ought self is the representation of who a person feels he or she should become, such as duties and obligations for the self. Self-discrepancy theory predicts that discrepancies between the actual and ideal selves cause dejected emotions such as depression and sadness, and that discrepancies between the actual and ought selves cause agitated emotions such as anxiety and tension (Higgins, Klein, & Strauman, 1985).
Although research has shown that ideal and ought discrepancies predict emotions, it is clear that these effects depend on specific moderating variables (Boldero & Francis, 2000; Boldero, Moretti, Bell, & Francis, 2005; Higgins, 1999).
The Term Paper on Applying Motivation And Emotion Theories
Applying Motivation and Emotion Theories in an Analysis of Scrooge's Behaviour Motivation and Emotion Theories 2 In the past many theories have been put forth in an attempt to understand the motivations of an individuals behaviour and the emotions involved. According to Reber & Reber (2001) emotional states tend to have motivational properties and the elements of a motivation will often have ...
Two patterns of findings have complicated tests of self-discrepancy theory. First, many studies have found that ideal and ought discrepancies are highly correlated. Phillips and Silvia (2005) found a correlation of . 77 between latent ideal and ought factors.
In their latent variable analysis, Gonnerman, Parker, Lavine, and Huff (2000) found that the discrepancy types were too highly correlated to estimate separate ideal and ought factors. Other studies have found correlations around . 70 between ideals and oughts (Ozgul, Heubeck, Ward, & Wilkinson, 2003; Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, & Barlow, 1998).
Based on their multimethod study, Tangney and her colleagues concluded that there was “very little unique variance in the quantitative estimates of these concepts” (p. 265).
Second, many studies have failed to find that ideals and oughts uniquely predict depression and anxiety. In some studies, ideal discrepancies predicted many emotions and ought discrepancies did not. In a structural model of self-processes and emotions (Gramzow, Sedikides, Panter, & Insko, 2000), ideal discrepancies predicted both depression and anxiety, but ought discrepancies predicted neither emotion. In a study by Heppen and Ogilvie (2003), ideal discrepancies predicted many positive and negative emotions, but ought discrepancies did not uniquely predict any emotion.
Thus, recent research shows that self-discrepancy theory’s predictions are most likely to hold in specific situations, such as when self-discrepancies are salient and relevant to the context (see Boldero et al. , 2005; Phillips & Silvia, 2005).
THE UNDESIRED SELF Ogilvie (1987) proposed an additional self-domain-the undesired self, which appears to play an important role in emotion. The undesired self is a representation of the self at its worst; it thus acts as a central avoidance goal. Ogilvie (1987) predicted that the undesired self should more strongly predict well-being relative to idealized selves.
The Research paper on Case Study Portrayal Of Aboriginality By Indigenous And Non indigenous Peoples Through The Use Of
Indigenous Australians by examining the portrayal of Aboriginality by Indigenous and Non-Indigenous peoples through the use of Films. The films that were used for this study were Stephen Johnsons Yolngu Boy, Bruce Beresfords Fringe Dwellers and Rachel Perkins Radiance. Throughout the years many Australian films have been made depicting Aboriginal people and their Aboriginality. Three such films ...
