We were interested in examining patterns of short-term information recall. We used the Brown-Peterson distractor technique to investigate the effects of stimuli type and delay interval on recall for 17 Ss. Each S was tested under 4 conditions, combined of word triads or nonsense syllables triads, with a short (10-sec) or long (45-Sec) delay interval. S read aloud the visually presented stimulus items, and aurally recalled them after the delay interval, in which S was engaged in counting backwards in threes from a presented 3-digit number. Measures were taken only for recall proportion. Results suggest a significant difference in recall between words and nonsense syllables, with words significantly better recalled. For the delay interval, results show no significant effect, and thus differ from those obtained in previous research. This discrepancy is discussed in terms of technical differences in procedure. No other effect or interaction approached significance.
Type of Stimulus and Length of Delay Interval Short-term memory (STM) has been vastly studied and tested. One of the popular testing methods for STM has been the short-term recall, in which S is shortly presented with a single or multiple items, later to be recalled. Various researchers have focused their studies on different aspects, while attempting to identify those factors that most strongly influence short-term recall. A short-term memory model based upon a limited capacity to process information suggests that the recall of verbal material can be effected by the activity which consumes the retention interval, referred to as the interpolated activity. Diverse studies examine the significance of elements involved in the interpolated task. In general, researchers have attempted to prevent Ss from rehearsing, i.e., processing exposed stimuli by keeping the material within the short-term store through the use of rehearsal-preventing interpolated tasks. The most famous of these has been suggested in the Brown-Peterson technique (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) in the form of backwards counting. In the original Peterson studies (1959), Ss attempted to retain aurally presented consonants trigrams while counting backwards by three or four from a three-digit number.
The Essay on Effects Of Short Term Memory
People have always wondered why they were able to remember certain things but forget others. After cramming for a test, why do you usually forget all the information over the next few days? When people cram for tests they have a tendency to use Type I rehearsal, which is repetition. Repetition is when you say the same thing over and over again until you memorize it. Type II rehearsal is ...
This interpolated activity was continued for some predetermined retention interval, immediately after which Ss were asked to recall the originally presented consonants. Using this technique, the Petersons demonstrated a very rapid decline in recall. The probability of recall decreased exponentially with duration of interpolated activity. Murdock (1960) investigated the effect of the stimulus type and the effect of varying the rate of interpolated activity. Similarly to the Petersons (1959) he found that in all cases forgetting, whether measured by accuracy or latency, increased with the duration of the interpolated activity. In addition, Murdock suggested little difference between the retention of three consonants and three words; consonant syllables and word triads were equally well recalled. Murdock (Tell, 1971) has shown that short-term recall is effected by whether the presentation is visual or auditory. According to Neisser (Tell, 1971) there is an auditory-storage system which results from auditory input and can function as a source of information in short-term recall. This temporary storage system is referred to as echoic memory. ?Echoic memory is passive, continuous, composed of sounds, and decays rapidly? (Tell, p. 150).
However, auditory input may also function as auditory noise. Voiced recall, vocalized irrelevant interpolated activity, or certain types of presentation conditions can mask, erase, or overwrite information available in the echoic memory store. This assumption is especially important when considering the interpolated activity. Tell (1971) suggested that a verbal interpolated task, in addition to its role as a rehearsal-prevention activity, would also produce auditory feedback, which masks information from echoic memory.
The Essay on Beach Activities
When you go to the beach you can enjoy various activities either with your friend, family or couple. On sunny day you can lay on the beach and tanning you’re skin or swim in the ocean. Those are most common activity that people do in beach. You also can enjoy parasailing, fishing, diving, surfing, boating or build a sand castle and so on. These activities are available to do because of the ...
Tell and Ferguson (1974) further explored this issue of vocalization by examining the influences of active and passive vocalization on short-term recall. As distinguished by Crowder (Tell & Ferguson, 1974), active vocalization refers to presentation conditions where the to-be-remembered stimulus items are voiced aloud by S as they are visually presented. Under passive vocalization conditions, S listens to E read each stimulus item as it is visually presented. Tell & Ferguson suggested that active and passive vocalization differ mainly at the longer retention intervals, with recall much higher under the passive vocalization condition. This supported the idea that active vocalization could interfere with effective rehearsal or encoding strategies. Another variable manipulated in search of significant effect on recall is whether interpolated tasks were rewarded or not. Soucar, Walk, and Covert (1971) suggested that retention of syllables is reduced under rewarded conditions. However, productivity and accuracy of the actual interpolated tasks was unchanged by reward. The present experiment is designed to examine short-term recall as a function of stimulus type and length of delay interval.
We hypothesize that both variables will be found to be significant. Specifically, we predict that: 1) recall proportion will be higher for words in compare to nonsense syllables; 2) recall proportion will decrease with the increase of delay intervals. Seventeen Hunter undergraduate psychology students served as Ss; twelve were female. Their age range was 18-32. They were demanded to participate in the experiment as part of their Experimental Psychology course requirement. Apparatus The group of participants was assigned to pairs, who conducted the experiment in small cubicles, so that each pair worked independently of the other pairs. However, cubicles were not soundproof. Each of the participants served both as S and as E, in alternation with his/her partner. Two sets of stimuli were presented: nonsense syllables and words. The class of participants constructed both sets of stimuli. Each E individually selected twenty-four nonsense syllables and another twenty-four words out of two separated class-constructed lists. A nonsense syllable was defined as a vowel surrounded by two consonants, and was selected in such a way as to minimize association value and avoid acronyms or similarity to any other selected syllables.
The Term Paper on Term Memory Words Info Remember
... subjects for a whole range of stimulus classes - binary, decimal, letters of alphabet etc.1 syllable English words. - Keeping them verbally active - ... 3 4 4 2 5 9 1 - after various delays recall first 3 digits - we are trying to rehearse these ... power function - Linton (1982) - studied rates of forgetting everyday events. Interval in years - linear function - everyday she wrote down a particular ...
The words were 3-5 letters long, mostly nouns, and withdrawn from different categories. The stimuli were presented on white index cards; each 12.5 X 7.5 cm in size. Each set of stimuli (words or nonsense syllables) constituted of eight cards. Each stimulus card had either three nonsense syllables or three words hand written by pen (black or blue), and located at the center of the card. Size of letters was not precisely controlled, but was considered appropriate if enabled the S to see it from about two feet away from card. On the opposite side of the stimulus card was a randomly selected three-digit number, similarly written and located. Either standard hand watches or digital stopwatches measured 45 or 10-sec delay intervals. All sixteen subjects received a 16-trial sequence, involving the presentation of 16 word or nonsense syllables triads. Each trial consisted of a short visual presentation of the stimuli, manually performed by E, who set opposite to S. The active vocalization condition required Ss to read the triads aloud while they were shown. Using the Brown-Peterson distracter technique (Peterson & Peterson, 1959), Ss attempted to retain item triads while performing an interpolated task.
The interpolated task involved counting backwards in threes from a presented three-digit numeral. Two lengths of interval delays were used: 10 or 45 sec. Once the interval delay was over, S would immediately stop interpolated activity, and orally recall each item, regardless of its order of position within the triad. E recorded retention scores, which ranged from 0 to 3, with 1 point given for each correctly recalled item. Performance on the interpolated activity was not recorded. Order of stimuli presentations were constructed in such a way that no type of stimulus followed itself. Stimuli were presented in the following order: 1) four words-short interval; 2) four nonsense syllables ? long delay; 3) four words ? long delay; 4) four nonsense syllables ? short delay. The data of each S were scored in terms of the correct number of items recalled, regardless of the items? positions within the triad. An overall analysis of variance was performed on the recall scores. Since one group of Ss was tested under the entire four conditions (repeated measures), a within-subjects ANOVA was computed for a two-factor design. Stimuli type served as factor A, while delay interval served as factor B. The only significant effect found was the type of stimulus presented. As seen in figure 1, recall was significantly better for words than for nonsense syllables under both retention intervals {F (1,16)=30.96, P* .05}. Tests of simple main effects for type of stimuli again showed recall of words (9.3) superior to nonsense syllables (7.02).
The Essay on Argument Of Cause And Effect Of Aggression And Violence
During plenty of centuries human behavior has been widely studied by different psychologists, anthropologists and ethnologists all over the world, starting from the ancient philosophers as Herodotus and Cicerone and till now. Stimulus, impulse and motives that drive human actions and their lives were always significant, interesting and widely investigated. One of such drives are aggression and ...
No significant difference was found in main effects for length of retention interval; recall did not decline with the increase in delay interval {F (1,16)=0.005, P* .05}. No significant interaction (one that would indicate differences not explainable by main effects) was found between factors A & B, i.e., between stimulus type and retention interval {F (1,16)=0.76, P*.05}. In summary, only type of stimuli was found to have a significant effect on recall performance, with a superiority of words over nonsense syllables. The above-described results lend support to our hypothesis that words are better recalled than nonsense syllables. As predicted, this effect of type of stimuli was found to be significant. However, for the effect of length of delay interval, our results significantly differ from those obtained by previous studies. Peterson & Peterson (1959), Murdock (1960), and Tell (1971) have all shown a decrease in the proportion of recalled items as a function of increased retention intervals. In all of these cases, forgetting increased with the duration of the interpolated activity. Our results suggested no significance to the delay interval effect. This discrepancy might be explained in terms of technical differences in procedures.
Bibliography:
References Murdock, B. B. (1960) The retention of individual items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 618-625. Pellegrino, J. W., Siegal, A. W., and Dhawan, M. (1976) Short-term retention of pictures and words as a function of type of distraction and length of delay interval. Memory & Cognition, 4 (1), 11-15. Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. (1959) Short-term retention of individual verbal items. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 12-21. Soucar, E., Wolk S., and Covert, R. (1971) Effects of rewarded interpolated tasks upon short-term retention. Psychonomic Science, 22(6), 321-323. Tell, P. M. (1971) Influence of vocalization on short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 149-156. Tell, P. M., & Ferguson, A. M. (1974) Influence of active and passive vocalization on short-term recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102 (2), 347-349.
The Term Paper on What Are The Positive And Negative Effects Of Alcohol?
There are several positive and negative effects of alcohol. Most of the negative effects come from over consumption of alcohol. How much effect alcohol has on someone depends on a lot of factors. Different people react differently to alcoholic beverages. Some people have higher tolerances for different types of alcohol than others. For example, one person might be able to drink a lot of hard ...
