Elizabeth Hayes
December 13, 2011
BEH/225
Nancy Russell
Are you conditioned to be superstitious?
You may think that walking under a ladder and having bad luck is just something that grandma came up with but superstitious behavior is a valid term in the profession of psychology. If you scan Wikipedia online for this “ladder superstition” you will find a story about a pigeon and a man named B.F. Skinner. Skinner was a psychologist who did extensive research about human behavior through experiments with animals, including pigeons. His contributions to psychology from the 1930’s lasted decades until his death in 1990 and the concepts behind his work resonate still today. His discoveries can be found referenced in books and articles in many academic disciplines beyond psychology, including education. As a result of his work therapists and educators are able to help students and clients overcome everything from addictions to insecurities as well as developing better learning processes. The term most commonly thought of, and coined under Skinner, is called conditioning or shaping. This is what opened up the door for behavior therapies used today.
Skinner’s operant conditioning term was based on the theory that how we behave and how we decide what to do is influenced by external factors. Those factors can either be reinforcers or punishers to promote the desired behavior. His most famous research to support his theories included experiments with animals giving birth to a ”Skinner Box” which was the environment used to test animal behavior. By using food to motivate the rat to push a lever in the box to get more food Skinner saw how behavior was quickly and easily developed via reinforcement. In other experiments Skinner used motivation by negative reinforcement –
The Term Paper on Cruelty To Animals 2
Cruelty to animals, also called animal abuse or animal neglect, is the human infliction of suffering or harm upon non-human animals, for purposes other than self-defence or survival. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur, although opinions differ with respect to the method of slaughter. It usually encompasses inflicting harm for personal ...
punishment if the animal did not act. When removing the triggers for these behaviors it was also shown to reduce that same behavior over time.
While the rat experiment proved that we can all be trained to do something if properly motivated Skinners pigeon experiment proved something different. In the case of the pigeon Skinner did not give the bird a tool to acquire the food directly. The food was put into the box at controlled intervals. Eventually the bird began to echo behavior that he had been doing the last time the food was dispensed in an attempt to make it happen again, associating what he had been doing with the event of food arriving. This then was a way of proving Skinner’s theory that we as humans can be easily conditioned to associate certain events or luck with others that are completely unrelated – superstitious behavior. In conclusion the “ladder” superstition may have its valid side and although someone’s grandma most likely did come up with it, it is all a part of conditioning. So, the next time you avoid a ladder it may be more worthwhile to worry about how your children are being conditioned through TV, the classroom, and the Internet instead.
