Please answer the following questions in complete sentences. Think of these questions as essay prompts. You should write your answer as if you were writing the introductory paragraph to the question (but don’t write the whole essay).
1. How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders during the last half of the sixteenth century? What led to the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and what did it achieve? During the mid 1500s Calvinism was spreading through France. By the late 1500s about 10 percent of the population of France had converted to Calvinism. The Valois monarchs continued to be staunch Catholics and because of support from the Vatican, they showed no sign of wavering. However after Henry II was killed his wife Catherine de’ Medici took over the government. Catherine was a more moderate Catholic and was willing to make compromises with the French Calvinists or Huguenots. The radical Catholics, led by the Guise family, refused to let that happen. In 1562 the Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful congregation of Huguenots. This plunged France into a civil war. In 1572 the fighting was apparently over after a marriage was arranged between the daughter of Catherine de’Medici and Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots. During the wedding however the Catholics massacred many of the Huguenot leadership, hoping to reinstate Catholicism. The massacre which is now called St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre. During that day and the three that followed 3,000 Huguenots were killed including some leaders. 2. How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the sixteenth century?
The Term Paper on France
Introduction France, which is the largest nation in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a very important nation in Europe and it continues to be involved in contemporary policy issues. Helping the world as one of the great trading nations, France is a very important trading partner with the United States. Not only is France important to the United States, they are also ...
Spain grew to a position of dominance because of its almost Catholic fanaticism, centralized government and government-regulated army. When most of the other countries in Europe were being torn apart, most of Spain stood firmly behind Catholicism. 3. What were Philip II’s successes and failures, and to what extent was religion a factor in those successes and failures?
Many of Philip’s successes came through the genius use of Catholicism. His ability to create the most centralized government in Europe was because of his ability to unite all of Spain (with the exception of the northern Netherlands) under Catholicism. His success in keeping the southern Netherlands provinces is also closely tied to religion. The untied front of the Netherlands was broken up because of the Duke of Parma’s play on their religious differences. Philip II largest failure of losing the 7 southern provinces was due to repressive taxes and the difference of religion. The ruling Duke of Alba helped fuel the Calvinists revolt by crushing the people with taxes and making turn against Spain. 4. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques. What does the term mean and why does it apply to these three rulers?
The term politique refers to when a ruler puts the well being of their country above all else. Henry of Navarre put aside religious preference and brought peace to France by issuing the Edict of Nantes. William of Orange attempted to unite all of the Netherlands and put aside religious differences. Elizabeth I’s entire religious policy was built around moderation and compromise. To prevent England from being torn apart by religious issues she compromised with Catholics and radical Protestants by not calling herself the head of the church. 5. What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England, and to what extent was Its establishment successful in creating peace in England?
To prevent England from being torn apart from religious differences Queen Elizabeth created the Anglican Church. The Act of Uniformity created a common prayer book that was acceptable to Catholics. Elizabeth also published the Thirty-Nine Articles, which defined the Anglican theology halfway between Lutheranism and Calvinism. Anglicanism was the most acceptable parts of all the major religions in England consolidated into one religion. 6. What was a relationship between the religious wars and the rise in witchcraft trials of the same period? Explain using evidence. The elevation of witchcraft trials during this period can be described as religious hysteria and political maneuvering. The spread of disease, famines and crop failures were attributed to supernatural elements specifically witchcraft. Catholic leaders were also eager to assert their religion as saw witch hunts as a tool to weed out the heretics.
The Essay on The Catholic Religion
Religion is a large worldwide subject. It is very important to some people, and not as important to others. However, religion is very important to me and it is a major part of my everyday life. Many people are confused about different religions. The catholic religion is confusing to some people. But if one were to look into the religion they would see it is not confusing, just not well understood. ...
The places that were most affected by the Reformation such as Germany and southern France saw an elevation in witch hunts. According to Dr. Ronald Hutton in Germany 8,188 trial were recorded but he estimates 17,324-26,000 witch trials were carried out compared to Spain which stood firmly Catholic only 6 trials were ever recorded and another 34 estimated trials happened (Counting the Witch Hunt by Ronald Hutton.) 7. Why was the Thirty Years’ War fought? Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war? What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648? The Thirty Years war was the eruption of religious tensions that had been building since the mid sixteenth century. During the beginning of the Thirty Years war battle lines were clearly drawn along religious lines. The Catholic Holy Roman Empire against Protestant Germany, Transylvania, Sweden and many others.
However by the end politics took a much larger role. The battle lines were no longer drawn between two opposing religions. Catholic France came out against Catholic Spain after having financed the Protestants for years. The Peace of Westphalia created the ability for a prince to choose his own religion and it also create more religious freedom throughout Europe. There were also numerous territorial adjustments. 8. Why has the Thirty Years’ War been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict? Was it really such? Were the results worth the cost of the war? The Thirty Years war cost 8 million lives, enormous amounts of property damage, destroyed most of Germany, bankrupt most of the major countries and didn’t really change much. After the war Protestants were still Protestants and Catholics were still Catholics. The results of the thirty years war weren’t worth the cost because the results were minimal.
The Essay on American Heritage Created by the Revolutionary War Years
After the end of the Seven Years War (manifested in the colonies as the French and Indian War) between Great Britain and France in 1763, the British needed a way to finance their war debt. Its own inhabitants already overtaxed, Britain looked to the prosperous American colonies as a potential source of revenue. Under a policy of salutary neglect, the colonists had been allowed to live in relative ...
