The understanding and definition of creativity between the Eastern and Western cultures may differ, as traditional Asian culture is more conservative, while modern culture of the West is more liberal. But in terms of creative thinking, their influences are equally significant. ! ! ! ! Creativity is a very wide scope that covers all fields. Creativity is the driving force behind the development of technology, the economy, the arts and culture.
This article attempts to look at the issue of creativity from the technological, cultural and historical perspectives. ! ! ! ! As an Asian country, we are naturally concerned about the relationship between the history and culture of the East and creativity. In the East, especially in East Asia where Chinese culture was the mainstream, there were many illuminating examples of creativity and inventiveness in 5, 000 years of Chinese history. For example, the invention of paper, gunpowder, printing and the compass. There were also great thinkers like Confucius, Mencius, Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. But these achievements go back a thousand years, or even earlier in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period, the Qin and the Han Dynasties.
Way back during the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods, the contention among the Hundred Schools of Thought not only created a favourable milieu for the advancement of science and technology, it also laid the foundation for the various categories of ancient science and technology in China, making it a characteristic of tradition. However, there hasn’t been a likewise breakthrough for the last 1, 000 years. What caused this stagnancy is an issue for us to ponder over. Throughout its history, Chinese culture has two obvious historical traits.
The Essay on Creativity, psychology and the history of scienc
Children are the most interesting people on earth to sit and watch at play. Their minds are so open to the endless possibilities that allow them to entertain each other for hours on end. Some children play house or pretend to be a mommy with a baby doll, and others pretend to be truck drivers or mechanics. There is always the inevitable play of doctor and nurse, and it is amazing at how much their ...
One is that it had a very long period of feudalism. Only after 2, 000 years of feudalism from the Zhou Dynasty right up to the early Republican period, did the class-based society with its strict ethical codes began to change. The second trait is that the Imperial Examination System was too rigid and deeply entrenched. Therefore, when we discuss the issue of creativity, we should take these two traits as a historical backdrop, so as to analyse the positive and negative effects of Eastern and Western cultures on creativity. I share Prof Yu Qiuyu’s view that it is easier for China to become an economic power than regaining its cultural primacy, which it commanded during the glorious Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907) when it was the most advanced country in the world. During that period, the Chinese language, culture and the distinctive Chinese creed of Confucianism were successfully transplanted in Korea, Japan and Vietnam, providing East Asia with a common cultural heritage.
He emphasised that, for a renaissance of Chinese culture to occur, a cultural bridge must first be built for a two-way communication with the outside world. Only through this process can it scale a new peak. Prof Yu lamented that Chinese civilisation did not make a significant world Impact in the past few centuries. ! ! ! ! The feudal period in Europe was, by comparison, shorter. It was followed by over 200 years (14 th to 16 th century A. D.
) of the Renaissance, a movement spurred on by the call to revive the arts of classical Greece. It was a revolution in intellectual thought and inventiveness. The Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution that followed caused a tumultuous transformation in Europe. Shaking off its feudal shackles in ideology and social systems, Europe created a brave new world for itself. Under such circumstances, Europe produced many new creations and inventions in the realms of art, science, music, architecture and so on. In the last 200 years, the United States created many new opportunities for self-development.
Its favourable conditions attracted many immigrants of high calibre, it was able to achieve many breakthroughs and unearth many new ideas in economics, science and culture, making it the only superpower in the world today. On the whole, the historical circumstances in the West over the past few centuries provided very favourable conditions for creativity and inventiveness. ! ! ! ! There is a difference in understanding and definition of creativity between the East and the West. Although Asian traditions are conservative in comparison, and the social climate and ideological make-up of the West are more liberal, each of them has valid contributions towards creativity. The most prominent Chinese scientist in the 20 th century, Prof Yang Chen-Ning has more than once mentioned the fact that he was an amal gation of Eastern and Western cultures. His new scientific ideas and theories are a result of the clash of Eastern and Western cultures and the resolution of this conflict.
The Essay on Cultures of the new world
When the New World was discovered, Native American peoples had spread throughout North and South America. Often they were hunter/gatherers, but they had established various civilizations. The Europeans considered themselves far superior to these natives, and European arrival invariably led to native peoples being subjected to European rule. The Europeans brought superior weapons such as fire-arms, ...
Whether it is Hegel’s idealism or Engels’ materialism, they all converge at a common point: the resolution of conflict. Creativity is a multi-level and complex thought process, involving many different factors. Prof Yang’s idea to glean the best from both the East and the West to resolve the conflict is something we should think seriously about. ! ! ! ! Modern science originated from Europe. Therefore, we must know the characteristics of Western culture and its effect on creativity.
The characteristics of Western culture is reflected in making bold hypotheses followed by the meticulous search for evidence. The basis of science is the experiment. A scientific experiment is to test a hypothetical theory in the laboratory. Not only can the experiment verify the soundness of the hypothesis, it can also improve or debunk it.
It is due to these cultural traits that Westerners are more used to making bold hypotheses. As a result, many important and revolutionary discoveries were made. The disadvantage of this is that some of these new ideas and hypotheses may not have solid foundations, but this fault is a minor one where creativity is concerned. ! ! ! ! Another characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay of Western culture is the individual.
The Essay on Differences Between Family In Western And Eastern Culture
As I stand here in the middle of the dance floor at my brother’s wedding, listening to the very Punjabi bhangra music blasting on the wall speakers, I walk the fine line between being conservative Indian – those of Ivy League chemical engineering PhD’s, of having no less than 50 cousins, of spending every spare moment in life with family – and being a Westerner, coolly ...
This trait is manifested in the adulation of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individual’s heroic exploits and contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centred individualism, which affects creativity indirectly. ! ! ! ! Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides.
Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. We can look at the issue at two levels: ! ! ! ! The traditional Eastern system emphasises building a solid foundation, and then build up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning robbed the initiative to make bold hypotheses about new situations and new problems. In the modern world, a solid foundation is not a bad thing for creativity. Another trait of Eastern culture is humility in learning.
! ! ! ! The 21 st century will witness an explosion of human knowledge and technology. Students can no longer know everything. Under such circumstances, the unique and innovative ideas that creativity requires, as well as the grasp of new ideas and new situations, are all difficult to come by. They require the full understanding of the problem, sometimes from the surface to its core, from a superficial knowledge to a comprehensive understanding. Humility and prudence will no doubt prove valuable to such a comprehensive thought process and assist creative innovators.
