The aim of the paper is to consider negotiations as the means of conducting international business, as well as the avoidance of the projective cognitive similarity for the successful negotiations outcome for all parties. international business The term negotiations in the international business involves different definitions, though each of them represents the main idea negotiations are defined either as a process for resolving conflict between two or more parties whereby both or all modify their demands to achieve a mutually acceptable compromise (Kline, 2005), or as a process of adjusting both parties. (Kline, 2005) In one more source one can read that negotiations are the use of common sense under pressure to achieve objectives. (Maddox, 1993) In business, especially at the international level, negotiations have become an essential instrument starting or terminating business relations with the companies in other countries. Negotiations in international business may be connected with the resolution of various issues in the areas of investments, strategic alliances, etc. Negotiations are also the means of creating joint ventures. With the growth of globalization processes negotiations as a process of creating international business relations should not be underestimated. Whole sciences and studies are devoted to the skill of performing negotiations, because if negotiations fail, this results in the loss of valuable resources, potentials and alliances.
The Research paper on Individual Business Research Process
According to Business Research Methods by Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014), “business research is a process of planning, acquiring, analyzing, and disseminating relevant data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions that, in turn, maximize performance” (pg. 4). There are several stages involved in the research ...
All business communications, whether domestic or international, should be seen in the context of human communication. The process by which verbal and non-verbal language is shared is communication, communication has no determinate beginning or end; it is an ongoing exchange of messages between two or more people. (Kline, 2005) A the international level, though in business area, cultural differences should be taken into account, because perceiving the behavior of the foreign partners as a stereotype, based on the accepted norms in the host country, may lead to serious contradictions and negatively impact the result. As, for example, Japanese usually rely on intrapersonal relations as the solid basis for successful communication, the representatives of the US dont try to pay too much attention to this aspect. Projective cognitive similarity is the assumption that others perceive, judge, think and reason the same way as we do. (Maddox, 1993) Projective cognitive similarity is the notion which is better to be avoided in negotiations to make them successful.
It is one of the critical aspects, as in international business negotiations partners from different countries usually possess different ideas, cultural practices and understandings. Thus, failure of the participants of any negotiations to account these differences and thus to come down to using this similarity often becomes the result of the negotiations negative outcomes. Instead, astute negotiators emphathetically enter into the private world or cultural space of their counterparts, which willingly sharing their own view of the situation (Klein, 2005) Successful business negotiations heavily depend on the through understanding of the differences in positions, which each of the parties keeps to. To avoid this it is essential to make through analysis of the second party (anticipated counterpart), its expectations, strengths and weaknesses, disadvantages which the second party anticipates and which are better to avoid. Alternatives should also be taken into account to avoid similarity, it is extremely important to foresee the outcomes, which the other party holds and which should be the alternatives in case these outcomes do not satisfy all parties. The principal aim of any negotiations is to achieve the mutual agreement between all parties, find compromise for the argumentative issues as well as to make the decision at least partially beneficial for all. In general, negotiation process in international business can be defined in the frames of four Cs criteria, common interest, compromise and interest conflicting. (Klein, 2005) It is doubtless, that negotiations should have thorough preparation and detailed approach, no matter if these are performed with a new party to become a partner, or with a long-term partner.
The Essay on Anti-racism & Multiculturalism: Studies In International Communication
Introduction In the present days, the word ‘racism’ is mentioned around all the time not only by elements of racial minority groups but also by whites, too. Use of the term “racism” has become so popular that it’s spun off related terms such as “reverse racism,” “horizontal racism” and “internalized racism” has also come up for the term. Racism is activities, beliefs, or practices, in ...
Negotiations are a complex process, and its role in adjusting international business relations to the needs of the parties is valuable. References Kline, John M. (2005).
Ethics for international business: decision-making in a global political economy. Routledge. Maddox, Robert. (1993).
Cross-cultural problems in international business: The role of the cultural integration function. Quorum Books..
