In this experiment, our objectives are to examine the effect in a tubular flow reactor and to construct a residence time distribution (RDT) for both pulse input and step change. The first experiment is the effect of pulse input in a tubular flow reactor. Before the experiment was done, we need to do some general start-up process in order to get a better result and to avoid errors during experiment. After that, a constant flow rate was set up at about 700 ml/min. After that, both of the experiment was done and the conductivity values for both step change and pulse input at the inlet and outlet was recorded and tabulated.
Experiment 1: Effect of pulse input in a tubular flow reactor. The inlet and outlet conductivity C(t) is recorded and tabulated. After that a graph of C(t) versus time was plotted. Then, we are able to calculate each of the distribution of the exit time E(t).
The E(t) was calculated at a regular interval of 30 seconds. After that, the graph for E(t) versus time was plotted. Then, we are able to calculated the value of mean residence time, varience and skewness. The value is the tabulated. Experiment 2: Effect of step change in a turbular flow reactor. The inlet and outlet conductivity C(t) is recorded and tabulated.
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The purpose of this experiment is to measure the pulse flow of blood through the finger and correlate it with ECG. In addition, we examined the effects of hot and cold temperature on peripheral circulation. It was hypothesized that the temperature and exercise would increase the cardiac cycle and pulse pressure. Three participants were doing the experiment. A 19 year old female, who weighs 110 ...
After that a graph of C(t) versus time was plotted. Then, we are able to calculate each of the distribution of the exit time E(t).
The E(t) was calculated at a regular interval of 30 seconds. After that, the graph for E(t) versus time was plotted. Then, we are able to calculated the value of mean residence time, varience and skewness. The value is the tabulated. INTRODUCTION A tubular flow reactor is a vessel which the flow is continuous, usually at steady state. Besides, the flow an be configured so that the conversion of the chemicals and other dependent are functions of position within the eactor rather than time. In a ideal tubular flow reactor, the fluids flow is as if they were solid plugs or pistons. Other than that, the reaction time is the same for all flowing material at any given tube cross section. Tubular flow reactors react in batch process which is providing initially high driving forces that is diminish as the reactions progress down the tubes. In the tubular flow reactor, a cooling coil and immersion heater are provide d inside the reactor to provide constant reaction temperature. However, many turbulent flow reactor that used to conduct experiment did not act in ideal ways.
In a tubular flow reactor, a pulse of traer is injected at the inlet would not undergo any dispersion as it passed through the reactor and would appear as a pulse at the outlet of the reactor. Tubular flow reactors were commonly used for: 1. Continuous production 2. Homogeneous or heterogeneous reaction 3. High temperature reactions 4. Fast reactions 5. Large scale reactions Residence time distribution (RTD) of a chemical reactor is the probability distribution function that describes the amount of time a fluid element could spend inside the reactor.
Residence time distribution is measured by introducing a non-reactive tracer into the system at the inlet. The concentration of the tracer is changed according to a known function and the response is found by measuring the concentration of the tracer at the outlet. In general, the change in concentration can either be pulse or step. In this experiment, we are going to examine the effect of a pulse input or step change in a tubular flow reactor. AIMS Experiment 1: Pulse input in a Tubular Flow Reactor 1. To examine the effect of a pulse input in a tubular flow reactor. 2.
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The importance of cash the cash flow statement help businesses and creditors understand how liquid a company is. Team A discussed some important factors about the statement of cash flow. The purpose of the statement of cash flow and how it is used in accounting is explained. The direct and indirect method of preparing a statement is used. Steps in preparation and classification are explained. The ...
To construct a residence time distribution (RTD) for the tubular flow reactor Experiment 2: Step change in a Tubular Flow Reactor 1. To examine the effect of a step change in a tubular flow reactor. 2. To construct a residence time distribution (RTD) for the tubular flow reactor. THEORY This experiment was conducted to get the effect of both pulse and step change in tubular flow reactor. Not all liquid exiting the tubular flow reactor spends the amount of time before it is being discharged. This is due to the turbulent flow mixing. When this occur, some of the molecules will find their way rapidly to the exit of the tank.
Indeed, there is a whole range of possible residence times. A representive statistical distribution is shown in the figure below. The residence time distribution function is defines such that E(t)dt is the fraction of the total molecules that reside in the tank for a time between t and t+dt. Clearly, since all molecules will eventually leave the tank if we wait for a infinitely longer time: Knowledge of residence times is important because it bears directly on the mixing performance of a given reactor. The longer time a molecule has to remainin the reactor, the better chance it will have to react.
All valves was ensured that it was initially closed except for valve V7. 2. 20 L of salt solution was then prepared. 3. Tank B2 was then filled with NaCl solution 4. The power of the control panel was turned on. 5. After the water de-ionizer was connected to the laboratory water supply, tank B1 was filled with de-ionized water through valve V3. 6. Pump P1 was switched on after valve V2 and valve V10 being opened. Pump P1 flow controller was adjusted to get approximately 700 ml/min at meter Fl-01. The conductivity at low value is observed and then valve V10 is closed and pump P1 is switched off. . Pump P2 is then switched on after valve V6 and valve V12 was opened. Pump P2 was switch on and the flow controller was adjusted to obtain 700 ml/min at flow meter Fl-02. Then, valve V12 was closed and pump P2 was swtiched off. General Shut-Down Procedure: 1. All pumps was switched off and valve V2 and valve V6 was closed. 2. The heaters is then switched off. 3. The cooling water was continuosly being circulated the reator and the stirrer was allowed to run to let the water jacket cool down to room temperature. 4. Then, the power control panel was turned off. Experiment 1: Pulse input in a Tubular Flow Reactor 1.
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The role of cash flow information in discriminating between bankrupt and non-bankrupt companies remains a contentious issue. In a number of literature reviews on bankruptcy prediction (e. g. Zavgren, 1983; Jones, 1987; Neill et al. 1991; Watson, 1996) the common view is that cash flow information does not contain significant incremental information content over accrual information in ...
Valve V9 was opened and Pump P1 was then switched on. 2. Pump P1 flow controller was adjusted to give a constant flow rate of de-ionized water into the reactor R1 at approximately 700 ml/min at meter Fl-01. 3. The de-ionized water was continuosly flow through the reactor until the inlet (Ql-01) and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity values are stable at low levels. The value of both conductivity was then recorded. 4. Valve V9 was then being closed and pump P1 was switched off. 5. The timer was started simultaneously after valve V11 being opened and pump P2 was switched on. 6. Pump P2 flow controller was then being adjusted to give a constant low rate of salt solutininto the reactor R1 at 700 ml/min at meter Fl-02. 7. The salt solution was let to flow and reset again after 1 minute. The timer was bieng restarted. 8. Valve V11 was closed and pump P2 was then switched off. Then, valve V9 was opened and pump P1 was switched on quickly. 9. The de-ionized water flow was ensured to be at 700 ml/min. 10. The data was recorded by taking values of both inlet (Ql-01) and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity values at a regular intervals of 30 seconds. 11. The conductivity values was continuosly taken until all readings are almost constant and stable approching the low level values.
