An Investigation into the Historical Development of Amsterdam. This project focuses upon the development of Amsterdam between the years 1200 and 1800 AD. The city of Amsterdam is of great importance to the Netherlands, as it is the country?s nominal capital (the political centre is Den Haag).
Alongside being the most carefully constructed Dutch city, Amsterdam attracts the highest number of foreign visitors to the Netherlands. The city itself stands upon the confluence of the rivers Amstel and Ijsselmeer, at the heart of the Randstad . As Amsterdam was one of the first medieval cities to be established in the Netherlands, it has a long and interesting past. It has a present-day reputation for as a multicultural, tolerant, and prosperous area; naturally, this has arrived as a result of its history.
The aim of the project is to produce a comprehensive, chronologically organised discussion of Amsterdam?s development. This will involve looking at the early establishment of a small fishing village upon the marshy riverbanks (c. 1200).
The religious and dynastic conflicts that shaped much of the Low Countries? medieval development will be discussed. This will precede an account of Amsterdam?s metamorphosis into a major European market and global centre, particularly during the Golden Age of the 17th century. The consolidation of Amsterdam?s wealth during a nationwide recession, followed by the city?s decline (1672 ? 1813), will be considered. A secondary consideration will be the ways in which Amsterdam?s political and economic position influenced the Republic as a whole, and vice versa. The city?s financial climate will continually be compared with the Republic?s wealth; I expect to find some interesting differences between the two. Social and cultural aspects, which 00obviously play an important role in any city?s development, will be addressed when relevant. The conclusion of the project will comprise a summary of the above. This will include an analysis of general effect Amsterdam?s prominence had on the Dutch Republic during this time period. 2. Amsterdam?s Origins and the Medieval City (1200 ? 1520) Amsterdam was settled in approximately 1200 AD. According to Dedalus Cassaro, author of A Short History of Amsterdam, legend has it that a boat, containing two fishermen and their dog ran aground at the mouth of the Amstel river .
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In recent years management in corporations outside of software development, in addition to engineers of inventions, such as in the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, have adapted innovation within their fields to the latest trends in creativity. Both Open Source and Extreme Programming initially proved to be key in software development and the respective success of each in areas outside of ...
When the dog leapt out of the boat, the men dicided to set up home on the marshy land. This is reflected in many versions of the city?s coat of arms, upon which the three figures can be seen. The new settlers began to build huts on `terpen? . As the Amstel community expanded, the early residents found a way to protect themselves from the Zuiderzee?s unpredictable tides: this was the point at which the dam system was introduced. The first, built in 1220, was likely to have been a sluice gate across the Amstel?s mouth. The dam became a network of dykes, stretched across the Southern Ijsselmeer?s banks. This system was later adopted by the entire country. It has been modified over the centuries, and is still essential for Dutch water management By 1275, a ribbon-shaped development of homes, as well as the predecessor of the Oude Kerk, zhad been built alongside the dykes. The hamlet known as ?Amstelledamme? was, according to archaeologist Jan Baert, built by construction workers who had come from the Utrecht bishopric to create more dykes . Amstelledamme?s shaping fell under the influence of religious and dynastic conflict. The feudalism between the German emperors and French kings, who had been involved in power struggles over control of the Low Countries, gradually began to subside.
This was replaced with a complex network of local allegiances, which led to further feudal struggles. The most important conflict of the time was between the Lords van Amstel and the Counts of the province of Holland. The latter were backed by the Bishop of Utrecht, who technically held power over the future Republic. In approximately 1275, Floris V (the Count of Holland) granted the Freedom Charter, from his court in Den Haag. This stated that Amstelledam residents were exempt from paying tolls when shipping their goods through Holland county. The Charter is the city?s oldest surviving document This would later play an important role in making the city an important economic power. In 1300, `Amstelredam?, as it had become, was granted city status by the Bishop of Utrecht. Haarlem, Delft, and Leiden also recieved formal consolidation. Amstelredam fortified itself against the two most common nedieval threats: floods and enemies. The 14th century saw a gradual development of trade in Amsterdam. Dykes and weirs were modified to accommodate shipping and population growth. As locks were added to canals, small vessels were able to reach the city interior. Stalls mushroomed alongside canals, while wealthier fishermen hired shipmasters as transporters.
The Essay on Big city or small town
Good afternoon everyone. Today I’d like to say something about big city and small town. It sounds charming to see stars at night, to plant fruits in the garden, or to picnic on the lawn, rural life distinguished itself in being closer to nature. But truth to be told, living close to nature also means that there will be plenty of animals and insects visiting your home and vegetation. Surely Fish is ...
Amsterdam?s commercial rise was a direct result of its fortunate position along the country?s main waterways. Trade routes were developed here as merchants of the future Republic exported their goods through Amsterdam. This allowed the city to develop trade with the German coastal regions and the Baltic countries. The brewing inductry became vital to the medieval economy. Amsterdam secured a huge advantage over other cities in 1326, when the Count of Holland allowed it to levy tolls on all Hamburg beer shipped to the Low Countries. This developed into a major beer market: by 1349, one third of all Hamburg beer exports were destined for Amstelredam . This resulted in a huge increase of Amstelredam?s cargo trade with Germany. After 1350, the corn trade with the Baltic countries had expanded to the point of causing conflicts between Amstelredam and the Hanseatic towns. The city had associated itself with the Hanseatic league, in order to keep the sea between Denmark and Sweden open for commercial activity. The trade expansion of Amstelredam led to war with the Hanseatic towns (1338 ? 1341).
Victory enabled Amstelredam to control the Baltic trade: it soon owned 50% of all ships passing through the Sont . The export market expanded herring when a method of preserving herring was discovered in 1385. As all trade markets grew, Amstelredam`s industry made it the Low Countries? leading centre for early medieval textiles, amassing further wealth. As Amstelredam grew, it found rivals in the Southern ?cloth towns? of Flanders (i.e. Ghent, Ieper, and Bruges).
The Essay on What Is Better: Living In A City Or The Country
I. Introduction Thesis statement: In my opinion, living in a city is much better than in the country due to well-developed infrastructure, education and work opportunities and variety of entertainment. II. Body Paragraph 1 Topic sentence: Well-developed infrastructure. Supporting idea a): Efficacious transport opportunities Supporting idea b): Presence of advanced educational centres, ...
These towns became wealthy cities thanks to their manufacturing and exporting of cloth. Similarly to Amstelredam, the Southern cities? fortunes depended upon trade: in this case, a supply of quality English wool. Amstelredam?s advantage over these towns was that, unlike Flanders, itn did not have clashes of economic interest between the city merchants and the local lord. Once Holland passed into the hands of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, Flanders became anxious. It was keen to maintain a good relationship with England?s king in order to preserve its supplies; however, it?s Count was a vassal of the French King. Therefore, Flanders was often trapped in disputes between the two monarchs. The 13th and 14th centuries were a time of sporadic, oscillating power struggles for the South. Amstelredam?s northern location meant that it was less directly affected in this manner by these conflicts. It exploited its strategic position at the confluence of the country?s main trade routes. As Flanders had not been exempted from tolls, it had to pay Amstelredam for shipping goods, as did all other towns outside Holland . This helped the city to achieve economic dominance of the country. The Amstelredammers profited enough to become skilled medieval architects.
Their buildings? deep foundations prevented houses sinking into the porous top soil, resting on on long pinewood poles driven through into further ground. The Dutch tradition of making the most of small spaces developed: wasrehouses were narrow but tall, with long rear annexes . As the predominent construction material was timber, fires were inevitable. The Great Fire of 1452 destroyed two thirds of the city. A by-law was immediately passed, forbidding thatched roofs and wooden side walls: one ofn history?s earliest fire codes. Stone and brick became the accepted materials; however, maps indicate that even in 1500, Amstelredam was largely made of wooden houses . By 1500, Amstelredam was the largest city of the Low Countries, with a population of 30,000 . Space was created by the digging of more canals, parallel to the early dykesl on each side of the eiver Amstel. When the city fathers were satisfied, the city boundary of encircling canals and walls was constructed. Medieval times, therefore, brought the establishment of small settlements, which expanded into towns and cities. The city that became Amsterdam had overtaken its Flemish rivals by the 16th century, in terms of trade and urban development.
The Essay on City Life vs Country Life
The difference between city life and country life is that if you live in the city, you have barely any privacy but, in the country life there can be woods all around your house and no one can see you. In the city there are lots of apartments not really houses and in the country you have your own houses that are bigger and the more people can come over. Lastly in the city you can’t hunt, you can’t ...
Amsterdam became renowned for its economically strategic position and international trade, bringing it prosperity. 3. Intolerance: Religious Conflict (1520 ? 1600) By 1520, Amsterdam had become the main power in the province of Holland, overshadowing neighbouring Leiden, Rotterdam, and Haarlem. It fell slightly behind it?s wealthier rival, Antwerp, the major business city of the south. The growth of the commercial climate and of population led to a clash of religious beliefs. The divisive issue of religion played an im?portant role in the shaping of both Amsterdam and the Low Countries as a whole. The beginning of the century saw a backlash against the elaborate rituals of the established Catholic Church, throughout Northern Europe. Until 1521, 98% of Amsterdam residents were Catholic . This was the case in most of the Republic?s cities, particularly in Flanders. This was increasingly affected by new schools of thought that developed around the nation, particularly in the North. One example is the concept of man being the crowning of creation, the ideal, as advanced by Erasmus of Rotterdam. The most influential movement was that of Calvinism . John Calvin?s theological philosophy relied on the doctrine of predestination.
Although this idea was radical and gained a large following, many were confused by the ambivalence of its teachings. One central notion was that people are inclined to hate God and their neighbours. The developmemt of typography enabled Calvinism to spread. For the first time, cheaper Bibles could be printed in quantity. The Bible was no longer exclusive property of Catholics. The Catholic church made its disapproval clear, urging strong punishment upon Calvinists. Amsterdam, however, adopted a laissez?faire attitude. According to Michael Grey: Very little was done in Amsterdam. There was no wish to shatter the comfortable relationship between the city fathers and the Calvinists, at the behest of the Catholic Bishops… who, technically, held pastoral authority over the country . This was an early indication of Amsterdam?s inedpendence, in comparison with its fellow cities. This relaxed attitude led to problems such as the Anabaptists uprising of 1535. These prophets of doom were an extremist Protestant cult, whosieged Amsterdam?s town hall in order to convert the city residents. Amsterdam had accepted the Anabaptists prior to this, but when the civic rule was openly challenged, severe punishment was given.
The Essay on The Protestant Ethic Catholic Group
Who would probably get the six hours of leisure, a Protestant or a Catholic? The Protestant group is mostly made up of the Northern European descent. The Catholic group comes mostly from the Southern European descent. Supposedly The Northern group was a little more advanced than the Southern group. The Catholics created less industrialized products, while the Protestants created highly advanced ...
Many rioters? heads were placed upon the city gates after decapitation, as warning to other heretics! The uprising led to a period of Protestant repression. Naturally, the forbidden teachings of Calvinism were met with widespread curiosity. It gained momentum, gaining support from wealthy merchants and even liberal Catholic burgomasters . This might have been partly due to the fact that the wealth of the Republic?s merchants could not be accommodated in a rigid caste society. Meanwhile, Philip II (the King of Spain), became ruler of the Republic through marriage. The Protestant Reformation was strongly opposed by the Spanish Hasburg rulers, who wanted to halt its European influence Fiercely Catholic Philip vowed to end the heresy of Protestantism. Philip garrisoned the Republic?s cities, sent the inquisition in, and established anti-Protestant edicts. The immense opposition to this pushed Philip to tactically withdraw. He recalled his sister, Margaret, who continued her brothers manifesto. Margaret wrestled power from civil authority and the local aristocracy, creating 14 new bishoprics across the country. Protestants petitioned Philip, to no avail. Theses tensions reached a peak during the Summer of Discontent (1564), when Protestant services were held outside the city.
Riots occurred in many cities, of which Antwerp and Amsterdam suffered the worst damage. Resentful at being oppressed, groups of Calvinists smashed windows, altars, and statues, destroying much of the Catholic church?s wealth, in the Iconoclastic Fury. This continued with the destruction of priories. The city fathers responded in ?typical Amsterdam fashion?: in return for profitable peace, the Calvinists were granted use of an old Franciscan church . This compromise was temporarily successful. The nationwide conflict drew the attention of Phillip II once again. In 1567, Philip sent the Duke of Alva to restore Catholic control to Amsterdam. The result was the execution of many Protestants, while others fled to the UK. The bitter Dutch Revolt followed: a war between Catholics Philip II and Alva, and Protestant William of Orange (the country?s greatest landowner) . William was a firm believer in individual freedom and religious tolerance, this made him a national symbol of Liberty. William led his troops into Brielle on the Maas, seizing the province of Holland. Alva?s response was to seize Gelder and Overijssel. Despite Amsterdam?s growing tolerance of religious freedom, 76% of its residents remained loyally Catholic .
The Essay on The Protestant Reformation European History
AP European History Period 4 The Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation changed the course of European history very strongly, and rapidly. This paper will talk about what exactly the reformation did to Europe, in terms of social, political, and philosophical impacts. Before the reformation occurred, the general public was made up of an overall praying people. They accepted all aspects ...
In comparison to the rest of the Republic, Amsterdam was the only city in which the majority remained loyal for a great time period. Its eventual capitulation to William brought the return of the exiled Protestants. Calvinists took over all churches and reigns of government in the Alteratie, the peaceful revolution that liberated the north from Spanish rule. The influx of Protestants forced Catholics to worship secretly. Although an official agreement, which tolerated the Catholic faith, was reached, the Amsterdam authorities would not allow them to have visible churches. This was the first visible sign of the important north/south divide. Many wealthy merchants relocated to Amsterdam from the Spanish-ruled south. Their financial input was invaluable to Amsterdam?s economy. As the Spanish massacred Antwerp, its population fled to William, who by then controlled most of the land. The rich southeners in Amsterdam financed the expanding Dutch merchant fleet. As the city?s status was raised, Amsterdam regained its place as Antwerp?s main economic rival. After the death of King Philip and the assassination of William of Orange, Amsterdam began to shift into further prosperity, alongside the ethos of religious tolerance for which it is now famous.
In 1579, the Treaty of Utrecht was created. This was signed by all seven northern provinces . It stipulated freedom of religious belief, plus the agreement that each province would have autonomy. The treaty allied the seven provinces against attack from Spain. This was the earliest consolidation of the northern Low Countries into an identifiable united state.In the same year, the southern provinces were united in loyalty to Spain. Their Catholic-led agreement, the Union of Arras, counterbalanced the Utrecht Treaty. This was the first official major political division between north and south, therefore being an early sign of the later separation between the two areas. Amsterdam was vying for supremacy against bigger Antwerp. Antwerp?s vulnerability, caused by its dependence upon forign trade, led to its fall in 1585. As England was preoccupied with surrency changes, it had postponed trade, while the decay of the German metal industry deprived Antwerp of its commerce with central Europe. Its riches were drained. Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Haarlem actively traded with the Baltic ports, purchasing grain for the entire country. The three cities rose commercially, Amsterdam prospering further due to its location on the trade route. By the end of the 16th century, the city?s population had more than trebled to c. 38,000 . Amsterdam?s commercial strength enriched the United Provinces of the north, setting the foundations for the Golden Age.
Bibliography:
1. Aglionby, W. The Present State of the Low Countries, 1779 London: Cassell 1988 ed. 2. Cassaro, D. A Short History of Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Historical Museum.
1990 ed. 3. Catling, C. + Pascoe, R. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Amsterdam London: Dorling Kindersley 1994 4. Dunford, M. Amsterdam: The Rough Guide London: Rough Guides 1994 5. Gray, M. ?Protestants and Iconoclasts? in Amsterdam, ed C. Catling London: APA Publications Ltd 1991 6. Haafkens, N. ?History and Language? in Amsterdam, ed A. Dink London: David Cambell 1995 7. Kemme, G. Amsterdam: An Architectural Lesson Amsterdam: Thoth 1988 8. Roegholt, R. A Concise History of Amsterdam Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam 1992 ed. 9. Rady, M. From Revolt to Independence: The Netherlands 1560 ? 1660
London: Hodder + Stoughton 1988 ed. 10. Rosenberg, J. et al Dutch Art + Architecture 1600 ? 1800 London: Penguin 1988 revised ed. b. Websites http://.www.holland.com Netherlands Board of Tourism On 21/07/00 http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html Amsterdam Heritage On 25/08/00 http://www.hollandring.com The Holland Ring On 19/08/00 1. Aglionby, W. The Present State of the Low Countries, 1779 London: Cassell 1988 ed. 2. Cassaro, D. A Short History of Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Historical Museum.
1990 ed. 3. Catling, C. + Pascoe, R. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Amsterdam London: Dorling Kindersley 1994 4. Dunford, M. Amsterdam: The Rough Guide London: Rough Guides 1994 5. Gray, M. ?Protestants and Iconoclasts? in Amsterdam, ed C. Catling London: APA Publications Ltd 1991 6. Haafkens, N. ?History and Language? in Amsterdam, ed A. Dink London: David Cambell 1995 7. Kemme, G. Amsterdam: An Architectural Lesson Amsterdam: Thoth 1988 8. Roegholt, R. A Concise History of Amsterdam Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam 1992 ed. 9. Rady, M. From Revolt to Independence: The Netherlands 1560 ? 1660
London: Hodder + Stoughton 1988 ed. 10. Rosenberg, J. et al Dutch Art + Architecture 1600 ? 1800 London: Penguin 1988 revised ed. b. Websites http://.www.holland.com Netherlands Board of Tourism On 21/07/00 http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html Amsterdam Heritage On 25/08/00 http://www.hollandring.com The Holland Ring On 19/08/00 7. Bibliography a. Books 1. Aglionby, W. The Present State of the Low Countries, 1779 London: Cassell 1988 ed. 2. Cassaro, D. A Short History of Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Historical Museum.
1990 ed. 3. Catling, C. + Pascoe, R. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Amsterdam London: Dorling Kindersley 1994 4. Dunford, M. Amsterdam: The Rough Guide London: Rough Guides 1994 5. Gray, M. ?Protestants and Iconoclasts? in Amsterdam, ed C. Catling London: APA Publications Ltd 1991 6. Haafkens, N. ?History and Language? in Amsterdam, ed A. Dink London: David Cambell 1995 7. Kemme, G. Amsterdam: An Architectural Lesson Amsterdam: Thoth 1988 8. Roegholt, R. A Concise History of Amsterdam Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam 1992 ed. 9. Rady, M. From Revolt to Independence: The Netherlands 1560 ? 1660
London: Hodder + Stoughton 1988 ed. 10. Rosenberg, J. et al Dutch Art + Architecture 1600 ? 1800 London: Penguin 1988 revised ed. b. Websites http://.www.holland.com Netherlands Board of Tourism On 21/07/00 http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html Amsterdam Heritage On 25/08/00 http://www.hollandring.com The Holland Ring On 19/08/00 7. Bibliography a. Books 1. Aglionby, W. The Present State of the Low Countries, 1779 London: Cassell 1988 ed. 2. Cassaro, D. A Short History of Amsterdam. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Historical Museum.
1990 ed. 3. Catling, C. + Pascoe, R. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Amsterdam London: Dorling Kindersley 1994 4. Dunford, M. Amsterdam: The Rough Guide London: Rough Guides 1994 5. Gray, M. ?Protestants and Iconoclasts? in Amsterdam, ed C. Catling London: APA Publications Ltd 1991 6. Haafkens, N. ?History and Language? in Amsterdam, ed A. Dink London: David Cambell 1995 7. Kemme, G. Amsterdam: An Architectural Lesson Amsterdam: Thoth 1988 8. Roegholt, R. A Concise History of Amsterdam Amsterdam: Gemeente Amsterdam 1992 ed. 9. Rady, M. From Revolt to Independence: The Netherlands 1560 ? 1660
London: Hodder + Stoughton 1988 ed. 10. Rosenberg, J. et al Dutch Art + Architecture 1600 ? 1800 London: Penguin 1988 revised ed. b. Websites http://.www.holland.com Netherlands Board of Tourism On 21/07/00 http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html Amsterdam Heritage On 25/08/00 http://www.hollandring.com The Holland Ring On 19/08/00
