THESIS: Since first being implemented, policewomen have proven themselves to be
extremely effective and essential elements of law enforcement, facing many inequalities
along the way. While recent advances in equality have been made, law enforcement is
still seen as a male-dominated field. If we are to see further progress in the equivalence
of the field, it is important to continue to work for gender equality within our nation’s
policing institutions.
I. Fore-runners of woman police movement
A. Movement began after civil war with female philanthropic groups, both in
the United States and in Great Britain
1. Chicago Women’s Club
2. Female Protective League
B. The original premise of the female presence in police work was to protect
female inmates from abuse by male members of the field
C. An additional aspect of this was preventing the moral corrosion of women
and children
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It is generally agreed that Aleister Crowleys approach to sex magick, and in fact to his religious tradition as a whole, was phallic. He described it in this way repeatedly and enthusiastically. This might lead us to wonder whether Crowley was sexist, and whether he considered the male sex organs superior to the female, and by extension, the male superior to the female in general. There has been ...
D. First policewomen
1. Lola Baldwin
a. Organizes group in 1905 in Portland, Oregon which dealth
with social conditions threatening young girls and women
2. Alice Stebbins Wells
a. First offically commissioned policewoman in the United
States in Los Angeles in 1910
b. Theology student and social worker
c. Patrolled dance halls, skating rinks, arcades, theatres, etc.
E. Annual Conference of Charities and Corrections
1. 1915 Baltimore, MD
2. Creation of first association for female police work
II. Presence of policewomen around world
A. Great Britain
interrogate female rape victims for London Criminal Intelligence
Agency
2. During WWI
a. Women fill in for men who are fighting
b. Execute erveillance, have no arrest powers
3. 1918- Metro Police of London’s Division of Women Police Patrols
a. wayward girls
b. sex ofenders
c. prostitution
d. white slave traffic
e. female prisoners
f. juvenile cases
4. Duties during WWII
a. law enforcment
b. escorting enemy aliens
c. detention centers on Isle of Man, 1946
d. special missions in British-occupied Germany to establish
German policewomen sections
5. Full integration with close of Metropolitan Women’s force in 1963
A. West Germany
1. World’s first city to employ officially titled policewoman
a. Stuttgart, Germany, 1903
2. Employed since then, but not in Hitler’s era
3. Reinsituted after WWII for democratization and to fill personnall
needs
4. Not in formal uniforms
5. Preventive work with women and juveniles
B. Poland
1. 1925- Women police force started
a. Implemented after Poland becomes free for first time since
1795
2. Combat prostitution
3. Help women and children cooperate with social organizations
4. During WWII
a. fought and died alongside males for their country
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C. France
1. 1925-response to questionnaires regarding female element of
policework
a. Women are not on French police forces because women
should be homemakers and mothers and should not be
employed where there is physical danger
2. 1969- 59 policewomen with baccaulaureate degrees
b. virtually no everday police work
D. Japan
1. 1946-1963 Female officers appointed in Tokyo’s Metropolitan
Police Department
2. 1947- Mandate that women should be fully integrated by 1953
a. 1200 policewomen working at the time
3. Same status and credentials as men today
III. History of Policewomen in the U.S.
A. Responsible for preventive policework instead of investigative
B. 1915-International Association of Policewomen organized
C. WWI
1. Keep prostitutes away from military camps
2. Return runaway women to homes
3. Supervise commercial amusements near military camps
D. 1922- Internationsal Association of Chiefs of Police
1. Pass resolution that women are essential to modern departments
E. WWII
1. Supplemented manpower needs
2. Women Auxiliary Police
a. Substitute for men
b. Fulfill same duties as male officers
c. Use terminated after war
F. 1970’s- emergence in federal agencies
G. State police presence
1. Wear civillian clothes
2. No general patrol
3. Mostly sex offense cases
IV. Obstacles which have been overcome
C. Unequal requirements
1. Higher educational requirements
2. Smaller physical requirements
3. Different entrance exams
4. Separate training precedures
a. No firearms or self-defense training
5. Different salaries
6. Few promotional opportunities
D. Administrative issues
1. femininity/attractiveness of uniform v. function
a. resented by women
b. departments this they’re helping retain femininity
3. Absenteeism and turnover concerns
a. marriage bar lifted after WWII
b. average loss of work equal between men and women
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4. Injury rate is equal as well
5. 1979- Employer must offer health benefits to cover pregnancy
a. usually patrol up to 7th or 8th month, then given light duty
assignment in station
6. Many issues have been remedied, some are still problem areas
