The horror of female genital mutilation is a global issue, and it is also one surprising foreign to Americans although an estimated ten thousand girls in the United States are currently at risk of this operation (Sarkis par. 1).
This is a cultural practice that is both unethical and incredibly detrimental to its victims besides obviously being in direct violation of basic human rights. In order to attain a broader view of this issue the following will be examined: basic information about this practice, organizations fighting it, current news pertaining to it, recent academic articles evaluating it, and the question of how it can be stopped. FGM has recently been receiving growing media attention due to the controversy surrounding it, but the newfound attention is also in hopes that widespread awareness will bring about change.
Female genital mutilation, or FGM when abbreviated, is also known as female circumcision, but this practice is far more drastic than male circumcision and is actually more comparable to a surgery in males where the entire penis is removed (Sarkis par. 4).
FGM is classified into three different categories based on the extent of the procedure, but it usually entails the removal or the clitoris and / or the adjacent labia. The third degree of FGM is so severe that the female must be cut open to engage in sexual intercourse from that point on (Sarkis par.
5).
This surgery is commonly performed in unsanitary conditions with unclean sharp tools like razor blades, kitchen knives, scissors, and pieces of glass (Sarkis par. 6).
The Essay on Female Genital Mutilation Practice Article Circumcision
The sex-related article that I chose to write about deals with the topic of female genital mutilation, something we have discussed extensively in our Bio 341 class. The article begins with a little vignette of an old woman examining seven tiny knives -knives that are used for female circumcision, a ritual that was performed on her several years before and continues to be performed to this day. The ...
Female children usually undergo this procedure at three years of age (Sarkis par.
10).
Sarkis also states, “Besides the obvious initial pains of the operations, FGM has long-term physiological, sexual, and psychological effects” (par. 7).
It is done for a number of reasons ranging from the prevention of marital infidelity to using it as a cultural rite of passage, but more numerous than the reasons behind it are the countries that partake in it. FGM is most common in Middle Eastern countries and throughout Africa (Sarkis par. 2).
FGM is by no means a one-dimensional problem or something that can be recovered from. It is, most significantly, a life-altering procedure. One of the major groups fighting FGM is The Female Genital Mutilation Education and Networking Project. It focuses primarily on the “knowledge is power” aspect, meaning that it concentrates more on educating the population of FGM in an effort to bring reform instead of direct actions.
The website offers the basic information on FGM that is listed above, reference material, articles, information on both national and international legislation, links to various educational, medical, and legal resources, and recent news and case studies. It also offers advocacy groups and online discussion boards to create a community aspect in the organization. In contrast, Equality Now, another major player in the war against FGM, is much more action-focused. It is also a group with a broader span than FGM.
The organization is committed to the overall civil, political, economic, and social rights of females. Equality Now encourages both grassroots and mainstream efforts such as letter-writing, fax campaigns, video witnessing, media events, and public information activities. They also publish Awaken, a special newsletter of updates and feature articles about FGM for the purposes of both education and the centralizing of information. Equality Now also played a major role the recent banning of female circumcision in Senegal, Africa.
This banning was in response to a campaign manufactured by Senegalese women who were helped by Rana Badr i, of New York-based Equality Now. Oddly, Equality Now did not set out to campaign for the banning of FGM, but rather it was an incredible side effect of literacy classes and grassroots level human-rights discussions. As the women became more aware of their rights, they formed Tof han, which means breakthrough, a private Senegalese women’s organization who the campaign is attributed to. This action is very significant because it not only shows that African women are resolved to end this horrible practice, but more importantly, that they have the power to make political change. In the article from the New York Times on this subject, Crossette states: More than half a dozen African nations south of the Sahara have now instituted bans, which are enforced with fines and jail terms. The procedure is barred in Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, Ghana, Guinea and Togo.
The Term Paper on Female Circumcision Practice Procedure Women
Warrior Marks Female circumcision is a traditional ritual that is mostly practiced in Africa on young girls with ages that vary from birth to pre-pubescent. It is reported to have its origins (with varying degrees of reliability) in ancient Egypt. Female circumcision was also discovered being practiced in western India and eastern Asia until it was outlawed around the turn of the 20 th century ( ...
Other countries, among them Uganda, discourage it. In North Africa, the Egyptian Supreme Court upheld a ban on the practice last year and also ruled that it had no place in Islam. In Senegal, President Abdo u Di ouf lent his support to the campaign, making legislative action easier (par. 9).
Although this is very encouraging news, many FGM procedures still take place in countries that have banned the operation, which is why it is especially important for local groups against FGM to gain international support.
As with any movement, it is also very important to get good information to the public, and in the Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kluge published a paper entitled,” Female Genital Mutilation, Cultural Values and Ethics” that does that very thing by using basic ethics to prove FGM “ethically indefensible” (Kluge par. 1).
To prove it medically unethical, Kluge states: The situation is especially difficult for physicians [… ] who are approached [… ] to perform the procedures. Physicians who accede such requests reduce the danger of the medical complications […
] However, in doing so, they not only become party to the perpetuation of a practice that is inherently unethical, but also become direct agents of harm that has no medical justification (par. 9).
It is medically unethical to perform any procedure that has no medical justification, and the cultural justifications that are offered are nonsense. Kluge illustrates: Several reasons are given for the continuation of the practice.
The Essay on Female Genial Mutilation Genital Circumcision Young
Female Genital Mutilation Imagine you are a young girl just reaching the beginning stages of puberty, all of sudden you are confronted with an ancient practice that will change your body and life forever. With no questions asked your parents send you to a strange lady without a professional license, she mutilates the genitals of the young girl removing her clitoris and labia minora using nothing ...
They include the claim that it is necessary to retain cultural identity, that it is religiously required (grounded in Islam), that it is a rite of passage which inducts women into an adult female role in those societies; that it is necessary to ensure female modesty, chastity and fidelity; that it is required for the sake of female morality by curbing female sexual ‘deviance’ and that it ensures male control over women, decreases women’s sexual interests; etc. It has even been lauded as leading to a reduced reproduction rate (par. 12).
The article also names voluntary FGM as unethical since it is either performed on minors, hence their parents are to blame for not acting in the best interest of the minor, or because the adult woman agrees out of coercion.
Clearly, no woman would want to be genitally mutilated for her own best interest. Lastly, in the argument of whether FGM should be left alone and respected as a cultural practice, the article makes a wonderful point of saying that ethics pertain to people simply because they are people, therefore, cultural practices are only alright if they can be defended ethically, which FGM cannot. In a different issue of the Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Adin ma published an article entitled, “Practice and Perceptions of Female Genital Mutilation Among Nigerian Igbo Women.” It is a study of FGM in Nigerian Igbo women that uses a questionnaire-based face-to-face interview of 610 pregnant women to get an idea of the women’s state of mutilation, their awareness of it, and their feelings about FGM. The conclusions find that FGM has decreased, but the researchers also found a lot of ignorance in culture relating to FGM. Some women did not know that they were mutilated when, in fact, they were, while others said they were when they actually were not. One in two point one women were victims of FGM, and seventy-four point seven percent of the women would not want their daughters to be mutilated.
As a whole, this paper represents both the gradual decrease in new cases of FGM and the increase of women openly objecting to FGM. While things are progressing in the way of eradicating FGM, there is always the question of if there is anything concrete that activists can do to fully stop FGM. Research into this can probably best be done on pro-active websites for different actions to help eradicate FGM. It would also be interesting to take figures of the current average decreasing rate of FGM and create a timeline and hypothesis of when FGM would be wholly nonexistent if all factors remained constant. As for this paper, combining the general information, the information on the organizations, news story, and academic reports brought in a sense of connectedness and thoroughness that would have be impossible otherwise. Works CitedAdinma, J.
The Essay on Female Mutilation Women Clitoris Infections
Female Mutilation: Another Way to Control Women More than 20 years ago, a Somali woman named War is D irie had her sex stolen from her in an African ritual. Her story is not as rare as we would like to think. It is estimated that 135 million girls in the world have undergone female mutilation (Out! Magazine). Despite the health and psychological affects on these women, it is still being done in ...
I. B. “Practice and Perceptions of Female Genital Mutilation Among Nigerian Igbo Women.” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 19. 1 (1999): 44-49. Crossette, Barbara. “Senegal Bans Cutting Off Genitals of Girls.” New York Times 18 January 1999, late ed.
: Al+. Kluge, E. W. “Female Genital Mutilation, Cultural Values and Ethics.” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16. 2 (1996): 71-77. Sarkis, Marianne.
“Female Genital Mutilation: An Introduction.” The Female Genital Mutilation Education and Networking Project. 1995. 1 Dec. 2001 web.
