In the year 1162, Temujin was born, later to be known and feared as the great Genghis Khan. Merkit warriors poisoned his father when he turned ten years old, and then became chief. The whole tribe fled. He lived a lonely life, owning only seven sheep, sometimes digging for food.
“My greatest good fortune was to chase and defeat my enemies, conquer his lands and people, and share his riches.”
In this paper, I will examine how a man like Genghis Khan, one clearly of humble beginnings, could strike fear in the hearts of thousands and defeat entire villages, leaving only ruins, as in the case of Xi Xia, and eventually built the largest kingdom the world has every known. How this man instilled great fear and terror among many Asians, yet his methods of torture were a sign of his times.
Genghis Khan was the leader of one of the world s greatest empires, the Mongol Empire. Genghis Khan united rival tribes in Asia, creating a great nation that stretched from the Aral Sea, to the Yellow Sea of China. * In plain, he united people of different cultures, which created the China we know today. Genghis Khan also inspired others, and after his death, his followers went on, using his battle tactics to gain more land, and defeat greater enemies.
When Temujin was nine years old, his father was poisoned after robbing a rival tribe, the Tatars. The family was rejected out of society, and they lived alone, fishing, gathering berries and onions and hunting small rodents to survive. As a child, his older half-brother, Bekhter, who stole Temujin s biggest catch when the boys went fishing or hunting, often tormented Temujin. When Temujin grew older, he killed his half-brother in an act of revenge, and I believe that this event greatly influenced his personality and, the way he treated people later on in life.
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At the age of 14, Temujin married a girl from his village, but a neighboring clan later kidnapped her. He did, however, rescue his wife, and this, once again, had a great influence on his personality.
Genghis Khan launched his first military campaign in 1207, against the Xi Xia kingdom, which was a part of China. The Mongols were still very inexperienced soldiers, but seem to have good fighting abilities in open fields. The flaw came when they were faced with taking over a fortified city, Zhongdu, and in this case it was not their fighting abilities that saved them, but another kind. The Mongol army surrounded the city, which was guarded by 60,000 Chinese troops, and cut off all the water and food supplies to the city. After about a week, they ran out of food and the city gave in because of starvation.
This was a very important point in history, because the capture of this city brought much wealth to the army of Mongols. This wealth did not come in the form of money or gold, but a wealth of knowledge provided by the highly educated people of Zhongdu. Among these were administrators, artisans, artillerymen, craftsmen, engineers, scientists and philosophers. But there was one man that stood out, a very highly educated man, named Yei-L Chu-ts ai. He was educated in astrology, sociology and mathematics. Furthermore, he was a shaman, a herbalist and a lover a great art. These were all the Chinese greatest achievements , but at heart Yei-L Chu-ts ai was a Mongol.
This man was the link between the advantages of the nomadic Mongols and the more advanced Chinese. A great friendship was created between Genghis Khan and this amazing man, and soon Genghis appointed him as his right hand . This man soon became like a mentor for Genghis.
Because the Mongols had a disadvantage in siege warfare, Genghis wisely created an army from the best Chinese warriors, and used the engineers to design great machines of war. With this, he returned to Mongolia. The equipment had one great advantage, they were extremely mobile some of the smaller siege machines could be broken down and packed on a horse within minutes. Another great advantage was that these machines were very accurate and fast, and integrating this with great fighting skills, the Mongol army became one of the greatest.
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After this victory, the Mongol army moved towards the west, to wage war against the Khwarezm Empire. This empire stretched from the Aral Sea to the Caspian Sea, and formed part of what is today known as Afghanistan, Iran and Turkestan. In 1218, word reached Khan that a group of Mongol traders on their way to Otrar had been murdered by order of Shah Sultan Muhammad, the leader of the Khwarezm Empire. This made Khan extremely angry, and he sent word to the Shah by means of messengers. This message was very simple: Either hand over the governor of Otrar, Inalchuq, or prepare yourself for war. The Shah executed the messengers and this angered the Khan greatly.
Within a year, the Shah assembled an army of about 400,000 men to meet the approaching Mongols. Genghis Khan, riding at the head of 90,000 warriors and a corps of Chinese artillerymen with his chief of staff, General Subedei, entered Khwarezm from the north. General Jebe, commanding a force of some 30,000 men crossed the lofty peaks of the Pamir Range and entered the Shah s domain from the east. Slashing their way across the Shah s empire, Mongol armies overwhelmed villages, towns and cities, leaving a wide swath of devastation in their wake. During the main battle with the Khwarezm army, from which the Shah barely escaped with his life, the Mongols killed some 180,000 soldiers. Samrkand and Bukhara, two of the great gleaming cities in Shah Sultan Mohammed s crown fell to the Mongols in 1220
Many people believe that the way in which Genghis Khan treated people, and his lack of respect towards other s lives, makes him barbaric . But, if you compare him to other war leaders of the time, you will find that they acted in much the same way. I do not think that much has changed from then to now. War is still a topic that will make some people swallow hard, and is still very sad. It is unfortunate to think that humans, the most evolved animals on this planet, still need to use such primitive methods to live together.
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