The Stoa of Attalos is a very interesting building. The location is in Athens Greece, more specifically in the ancient Athenian Agora, or market place. Unlike many ancient Greek or Roman Buildings, the Stoa of Attalos is fully reconstructed identically to its original form. The present day building is referred to as the American school in Athens. I am going to tell you about the history of the building, for instance when it was built and re-built. You will also read about man who originally financed the building, and I will tell you who paid for the reconstruction. I will describe the building and show you pictures along the way.
I will talk about the materials used it the building. Finally you will learn about the use of the building. The Stoa of Attalos is part of an ongoing excavation of the Athenian Agora. The original stoa is a gift to Athens from Attalos II, King of Pergamon from 159 138 BC. It was a gesture of gratitude because him like many other men from royal families in the Hellenistic period studied in the schools of Athens. In other words it was a gift to his Alma Matter when he was married.
Scholars know this information primarily, because of an inscription on stone found in the ruins, which says King Attalos II son of King Attalos and of Queen Apollonis. Excavations of the Stoa of Attalos and the surrounding agora stared in the late 1800s by Greek Archeologist and then in the early 1900s the Americans took over the task. To this day students from all over America are excavating the Agora, and the findings can be seen in parts of the American school in Athens, because parts of the American school are used as an Agora Museum. The land on which the Agora sits was not actually used for buildings until the Classical period. Before then it was used as a Mycenaean burial site from around the 15th-century to the 13th-century BC. Then the land was used for a courthouse before the Stoa was built. The Stoa of Attalos was built in the 2nd century BC and it stood for a few hundred years until it was burnt down by the Heruli tribe in 267 AD.
The Dissertation on Earthquake Performance of Reinfoced Concrete Buildings
I would also like to thank Nejat Bayulken for helping with my questionnaire and Luke Murgatrody and Sammuel Gracey for helping to correct my grammatical errors. I wish to acknowledge my classmates; Robert Leeming, Simon Yallop. Sagar Rasioni and Gianni Spagnolli , who were always ready to help in any time during dissertation research. At last, many thank all those at Middle East Technical ...
The present day American school in Athens, is a faithful reconstruction of the ancient building. The rebuilding of the Stoa was completed in 1953-1956. It was largely funded by large contributions from JD Rockefeller. A plan drew out bye the archaeologist Jean Travos; the reconstruction used the same foundations and ancient materials. The building now houses the museum of the Ancient Agora and the offices of the American School of Classical studies in Athens. West Side – Nike Statue as Found (S 312) Architect, Who built it and paid for it? Attalos II King of Pergamon paid for the Stoa of Attalos. He gave it as a gift to the city of Athens, his Alma Matter. The exact architect is uncertain, but by the style, archeologists know architects from Pergamon designed it.
What Ever servant you order to buy something for you from the Agora and bring it, not one of them will have any difficulty: everyone will plainly know where he must go to get each class of goods. The reason for this, I say is simply that they are kept in their appointed places. Xenophon, Oeconicus There was a crow of foreigners and citizens, At the Stoa of Attalos to hear the scholarly man speak. -Athenaeus Every Greek or Roman building, which have columns, are categorized by the parts, size and positioning of the columns and other parts to the building called Orders. Generally there are three major different kinds of orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Doric: the column shaft of the Doric order can be fluted or smooth-surfaced and has no base. The Doric capital consists of an undecorated echinus and abacus.
The Term Paper on National building code
This part of the Code deals with safety from fire. It specifies the demarcation of fire zones, restrictions on construction of buildings in each fire zone, classification of buildings based on occupancy, types of building construction according to fire resistance of the structural and non-structural components and other restrictions and requirements necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, ...
The Doric entablature has a plain architrave, a frieze with metopes and triglyphs, and a simple cornice. Ionic: the column of the Ionic order has a base, a plain architrave of two panels and moldings, a frieze usually containing sculpted relief ornament, and a cornice with dentils. Corinthian: the most ornate of the order, the Corinthian includes a base, a fluted column shaft with capital elaborately decorated with acanthus leaf carvings. Its entablature consists of an architrave decorated with moldings, a frieze often containing sculptured reliefs, and cornice with dentils. The Stoa of Attalos is two stories high, 381 ft x 63 ft 8 in. The western side of the building, facing the agora, is open to the outside, but it provides for shelter.
The building is closed to the East Side. The Stoa has four different types of columns. There are two sets of columns on both the top and bottom level of the in and out side of the Stoa. The inside lower columns are made with oddly spaced Ionic order columns. They are spaced every other one to allow for more effective traffic flow inside. The inside columns on the second level are an order taken from an Egyptian style with palm capitals. The columns on the upper outside level are a richly decorated and elongated Ionic style.
The columns on the lower outside level are to me the most innovated. They are made with a Doric style order, but the bottom third of the columns are left unfluted, for the purpose of making sure that the products and goods which are brought in and out of the stoa every day are not broken or hurt by flutes on the columns. There are a total of 134 columns on the Stoa of Attalos. The western side has 45 columns on each level, and the eastern inside has 22 columns on each level. The eastern side of the Stoa has rooms used for shops; there are 21 rooms on each level of the Stoa. To get from the bottom level to the upper level you must go out side on either the north or south side of the stoa and travel up stairways on the outside. The restoration has been carried out using the same materials as the original.
Marble was is for the faade, columns and interior trim. Limestone is used for the walls. Terra Cotta tiles are used for the roof. On the upper floor there are beams of reinforced concrete enclosed in wooden shells which reproduce the exact the spacing and dimensions of the original beams of solid wood. The use and propose of The Stoa of Attalos was a shopping center where one could buy all sorts of goods, a place for informal meetings. Many people came to the Stoa because of its beauty, location, as well as providing comfort and shade; which heavily supported the income of the market itself. Storeowners rented the rooms out of the stoa from the state, who profited highly.
The Essay on The Dark Side Of Kfc
The Dark Side of KFC The fastfood industry has globally conquered the market of fast-paced people who want instant service the moment they need it, wherever they are. Food primed and ready for cooking the moment a customer orders it has become the sustenance of most of the worlds workforce. Fastfood eating has spread from the United States to Europe and Australia up to the Africa including the ...
The building served as a source of revenue as well and a great ornament to the city of Athens. The Stoa of Attalos is a very fascinating building. Now if you ever go to Athens you will be sure to check out the Stoa of Attalos. Maybe you will check into attending the American school in Athens. I hope you enjoyed the history of the building, along with the pictures.
Bibliography:
Bibliography Books: Camp M.
John, The Athenian Agora, Thames Hudson LTD, London 1986 Townsend F. Rhys, The East Side of the Agora, The American School of Classical studies At Athens. Pub. Princeton NJ. 1995 Thompson, Homer A The Athenian Agora-a short guide, The American School of Classical studies At Athens. Pub. 1976 Thompson, Dorath Bun, The Athenian Agora-an Ancient Shopping Center The American School of Classical studies At Athens. Pub.
Princeton NJ 1971. Coulton JJ: Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa Oxford 1976 Turner Jane ed. Dictionary of Art Vol. 29 printed in Hong Kong 1996 Wycherley R. E. The Athenian Agora-Literary and Epigraphical Testimonia The American School of Classical studies At Athens.
Pub. Princeton NJ, 1957 Traill, J.S. Greek Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 53,1984, pp. 369 Greek Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora, Hesperia 51, 51, 1982 Stokstad Marilyn, Art History Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers 1995 Web sites: http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21101m/e211am02.htm l www.attalos.com/site/guide/46.html www.arch.wustl.edu/4282/jan-27.htm www.ozemail.com.au/~vinlam/travelogue/a-04-b.html www.bowdoin.edu/dept/clas/arch201/magnagraecia/ath ens.stoa.attalos.html http://www.tulane.edu/lester/images/Western.Archit ect/Greece/C57.jpg http://www.craigflower.supanet.com/college/agora.h tm http://www.drjclassics.com/drj/sites/athens/Agora/ athens73.htm http://www.richmond.edu/academics/a&s/classics/pho tos/photodb/lg 0 19.jpg http://tantalos.perseus.tufts.edu/~hartzler/agora/ research/photo.
The Essay on American School Power Isa Lysistrata
The struggle, gain, loss, and expression of power have always been prevalent in literature throughout the ages. The many conflicts brought on by power can often be attributed to cultural influences present at the time. Lysistrata from Aristophanes' Lysistrata is quite similar to and yet quite different than Isa from Kojima Nobuo's The American School. They are similar in that they have a great ...
