Introduction- question 1
The problem in The Trans Trust Sprl v. Danubian Trading Co. Ltd. Case is if there is a contract or not between two parties. Also, whether a letter of credit is an essential part for forming a contract. In the case there is a buyer who is from Belgium and a seller who is from the United Kingdom. The British seller has arrange to buy the goods from a third party (American company).
Furthermore, there was a stipulation between the parties requiring the buyer who is the defendant to deliver a letter of credit forthwith, however, he didn’t do so. The seller, who is the plaintiff, prompt the buyer to open a letter of credit as soon as possible.
The seller required the letter of credit it in order to insure the American wholesaler that he will be paid. The buyer never opened a letter of credit. Subsequently, the seller started proceedings against the buyer, calming damages for breach of contract. The seller claimed that it was the buy’s duty to provide him with a letter of credit as soon as possible, buyer’s failure to do so constitute a breach of contract. According to the buyer there wasn’t a contract between them and he claimed that the letter of credit was conditional.
The parties in this case- question 2
The parties to this case are:
The British seller and the Belgian buyer because those two were in direct contact with each other throughout the negotiation process of this contract. While there was a 3rd party involved, S.A. Azur, they were not directly involved with any contract between the British seller and the Belgian buyer.
The Research paper on Correspondent Bank Goods Buyer Seller
... (COD) Letter of Credit or Documentary Credit (L/C) General Principles of Payment If cash was paid in advance by buyer, seller will give buyer the documents, ... inventory to supplier in case of termination of the contract Agency Contract In case of doubt, use the ICC Model Contract (see appendix). A Del ...
The plaintiff was the British buyer because it was the buyer who sued the Belgian buyer for loss of profit due to the breach of contract on part of the Belgian buyer by not providing the letter of credit as agreed upon.
The defendant is the Belgian buyer because it was the Belgian buyer who was being sued by the British buyer for a breach of contract and had to defend oneself against the accusations in front of the court and prove that they owed no damages for loss of profit.
The respondent is the British buyer because they won the initial case and hence were not the one to appeal to the appellate court. The party appealing to the appellate court (where no financial damages are awarded and the decision is just a court order) for a review of the lower court’s order is the respondent (Belgian buyer) and the party who is responding to the appeal is called the appellant.
The Facts- question 3
The seller and the buyer were negotiating a letter of credit. The seller didn’t deliver goods because he was waiting for the buyer to issue a letter of credit. The seller never received a letter of credit and because of that he started proceedings against the buyer. The seller sued the buyer for breach of contract due to the fact that buyer didn’t meet the terms. On the other hand, according to the buyer they have never had a contract. That is the reason why he didn’t provide the letter of credit to the seller. However during their meeting in Brussels they have established delivery terms, time and payment which means that they had a contract.
The applicable law- question 4
The applicable law is CISG.
CISG applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose place of business is in different states. Furthermore, the contracting parties have to be contracting states. Next to that, the rules of private international law lead to the applications of the law of a contracting state. The contract made between the buyer and seller in the Brussels meeting meets the requirements, and therefore the applicable law is CISG. Questions that the Court have to answer- questions 5
The Questions that the court had to answer were:
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-Did a contract exist?
-Is the LOC essential for the contract?
The court came to the decision that a contract did exist. At the meetings of Brussels the contracting parties made an oral agreement about gauges and dates of delivery. Therefore, the judge found that there was a concluded contract between the seller and buyer. Next to the fact that the court had to decide if there was a contract, they had to decide if the LOC was essential for this contract. At the meetings in Brussels, next to that there was an oral agreement about a contract, there was also an agreement made about that the buyers would be personally responsible for seeing that a credit should be opened forthwith. Therefore, it was clear to the court that a LOC was an essential term to the contract. This was not fulfilled by the buyer, even though the seller extended the time for the LOC delivery.
Arguments of the parties- question 6
The plaintiff (seller) in this case argued that he understood that the buyer was to arrange for a confirmed letter of credit with the Krediet Bank in Brussels. In addition to that the seller argues that the buyer did show intent of providing the letter of credit and there was an agreement on the gauges and the delivery time and date made in Brussel. At last, the seller claims that the contract it had with the defendant (buyer) required the defendant to settle for a letter of credit to be opened ad confirmed immediately.
The buyer failed to do so means that the buyer did not perform is contractual obligations which led to a breach of contract. The defendant (buyer) maintains that there was never a contract. The defendant argues that both parties discussed on the terms above mentioned (and the writing on September 25 of 19950), but that it was just an intention. The defendant claims that the contract was conditional on a letter of credit being provided and that if no such letter was provided, no obligation was to be assumed by his side.
Rulings of the Court of Appeal- Question 7
The judge or the court did not accept the argument of the defendant and the statement he made in writing on September 25 1950 of just being an intention. The court says that the statement on September 25 of 1950 is a solid promise by the defendant. The defendant promised that the credit will be opened forthwith. The court ruled that there was a concluded contract by the plaintiff and the defendant to sell and buy the steel for a December/January delivery because the meetings in Brussels resolved all the discrepancies regarding gauges and dates of delivery.
The Essay on American Impress credit card
1. Betty is married to Abel, a successful engineer. They have a joint account which gives them both an American Impress credit card, which they have had for years. They have always made the payments on time and over the years the credit limit has gone up and up. Abel has a skiing accident and dies. A month later, Betty gets a notice that her American Impress card has been cancelled. To make ...
The court explains that part of the contract was that the buyer would be personally accountable for making sure that a letter of credit could be opened forthwith. On those findings it is clear that the stipulation for the credit was not a condition precedent to the formation of the contract at all. The court says that the credit was an essential condition term for the performance of the contract and therefore the condition was not fulfilled. The plaintiff did expend the time for the credit to be received but nonetheless the letter of credit was never received (even after a reasonable notice).
For this reason the court rules that the plaintiff is discharged from any further performance on his side and is entitled to claim damages. .
Damages
The judge explains that the defendant knew that the plaintiff could not have received the goods at all if he did not have received the letter of credit. This loss was foreseeable by the defendant and led to a breach of contract. The plaintiff’s loss would be the profit he would have made if the letter of credit was provided. The foreseeable loss is the loss of profit no matter the market price goes up or down. The loss of profit suffered by the plaintiff is based on the difference between the price at which the seller had agreed to buy S.A Azur , and the price it would have received had the contract been performed. So the court/ judge awarded the plaintiff (seller) $3 214 for damages.
