GIS technology will provide new opportunities for epidemiologists to research connections between environmental exposures and the possible distribution of disease. Already today GIS can be used to the conduct ecologic studies in which environmental exposure data are compared with disease rates across areas. In the future, it will be possible to use GIS technology in order to estimate exposures to individuals in cross-sectional analysis, case-control, and group studies (Algeo 29).
A GIS can include information contained in existing databases and/or data that can be processed by means of computer to calculate, for example, exposure levels to agricultural chemicals used for killing insects of individuals residing or working within special geographic regions. The obtained estimates of exposure, combined with information on the location and occurrence of disease among people within the defined regions, can then be used to propose and support assumptions regarding environmental causes of disease (Knigge 136).
GIS in Local Government
GIS technology can help rationalise daily operations and provide better organized system of labour in their communities. GIS will be transformed from a single-user system to a multi-user system that will support all the departments within the Auckland local government. GIS technology will be used in such departments: public works, police, and the planning and zoning departments. The GIS team considers the following issues: • Building support • Managing data • Enabling user access • Rebuilding the organizational structure GIS and Democratic Values
The Term Paper on Decisions Support Systems Argumentation System
Abstract Computers have been used to support human decision-making for several decades, and increasingly, formal argumentation models are being used in their design. However, their use raises a number of conceptual and social-ethical questions that have yet to be fully addressed. We explore some questions raised by two current proposals for computer-mediated argumentation and decision-making, in ...
GIS technocracy can be connected with a system of governance in which technically trained experts will influence society by reason of their specialized knowledge and position in dominant political and economic organisations. Taking this into account, GIS technocracy may mean much more than simply technical specialization. It may mean power and the possibility of control. Predicting the future, the proliferation of GIS technology can either improve or hinder democratic processes. On one hand, GIS technology holds the promise of increasing levels of individual participation in democratic decision making (Matthews and Herbert 177).
Yet, on the other hand, it also creates a threat to the democratic process by collecting important information in the hands of an elite class of society. As GIS technology becomes more widespread as a useful tool for analyzing information, the problem will become strongly marked. However, together with the future dangers associated with power, GIS technology provides unique means for development of communities. By presenting community information on maps, citizens will have the opportunity of knowing about themselves and their neighbouring communities.
They will need no specialized knowledge about the information system to obtain all information. The “shareabilty” of information is most relevant to the rapid growth of GIS technology in a democratic society. Such characteristics of GIS will allow the ‘erosion of hierarchies,” whereby strict control of information among a ruling elite will not be achieved (Matthews and Herbert 198).
Ethical Issues The development of GIS technology will allow researchers to disclose the defined location of individual residences.
The presentation of special residential locations on maps may cause ethical dilemmas in regard to violation of confidentiality. This risk increases if the research area is small or if the number of events per specified place is low. The difficulty to the researcher is to protect the confidential information of the individual while achieving locational integrity for analyses of space. Since address information of residents is considered a personal identifier, some agencies will not provide the researchers with such data.
The Essay on Trade in Technology Information and U. S. Economic Growth
The new trend to manufacture components of computer outside the U. S. was thought to be bad for the U. S. Because it may weaken the economy of the country and experts concerned about the potential job losses but actually the exact opposite happened. Maybe some manufacturing jobs were indeed lost but it enables company to lower costs of production. As the result companies are able to push the price ...
Some agencies will edit this information for reasons of confidentiality. To protect personal information about individuals in small geographic regions, some agencies will use a technique called confidentiality edit (Kessler 201).
It is possible that mainstream GIS software will develop special procedures to protect confidentiality. If no procedures to protect confidentiality available, researchers will find their own solutions. Some researchers will release small-scale maps or present only aggregate data, while others will present points to keep secret their true locations.
Researchers may use a random displacement algorithm to present the pattern but distort the actual location of residents. Training There will many initiatives for teacher education, which are expected to ensure that all teachers are trained in the use of geographic technology to enhance their curriculum teaching. Second, many resources will be used to provide the opportunity for every teacher to have training in the use of geographic technology. Many heads are already looking carefully at applicants’ technological skills as they appoint new staff (Cook 215).
The web sites as part of the government’s initiative will be supporting schools’ education. Many organisations will provide a web infrastructure that supports all learners, and in particular schools. Today many countries have established web sites to provide an architecture into which a wide range of providers can deliver material that will support learners. The sites will develop over coming years and, by 2025 there will be an enormous potential for geographers. Conclusion GIS technology will be a tool of great potential both for environmental researchers and citizens of Auckland in the year 2025.
The Essay on What Are the Most Important Tools and Technologies for Safeguarding Information Resources?
What are the components of an organizational framework for security and control? Firms need to establish a good set of both general and application controls for their information systems. A risk assessment evaluates information assets, identifies control points and control weaknesses, and determines the most cost-effective set of controls. Firms must also develop a coherent corporate security ...
Because GIS technology can easily and quickly manipulate large amounts of data, it can make easier analyses on the local, regional, or national level. GIS technology can also be used to simplify and improve certain processes necessary to conduct epidemiologic research. Collaboration and cooperation among researchers from a variety of fields will be necessary to realize the full potential of GIS technology in Auckland. GIS technology will be also extremely useful for citizens helping them express their views about their environment.
References Algeo, Katie. (2003).
“GIS and Public Health”.Cartography and Geographic Information Science. Vol. 30 (3).
Brown, Krystyna. (2006).
“Re-presenting GIS”. The Geographical Journal. Vol. 172 (3).
Cook, Eliza. (2005).
“Different Perspectives of Geography”. Geographical. Vol. 77 (2).
Craig, W. J. , & Elwood, S. (1998).
“How and why community groups use maps and geographic information. ” Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 25(2).
Demark, Peter Van. (1992).
“Desktop GIS: Wave of the Future. ” Planning. Vol. 58 (7).
“Technology Enhances SBMA Operations, Benefits Locators. ” Manila Bulletin, August 6, 2004.
