“To understand Europe between 1789 and 1850 is to understand that European events were a reflection of what happened in France.” The ascent of cohesive protection arrangements in nineteenth-century Europe emerged within the context of immense social and political shifts that swept the continent. Some historians argue that European politics was changed between 1789 and 1850, characterized by a fundamental alteration in the governing norms, rules, and practices of international relations. Most scholars researching nineteenth-century European politics concentrate on the Napoleonic wars as the big event that changed relations among states.In particular, war is considered the principal catalyst of change for neorealism. This is because rules variations are deduced from the variance in dispensing of capabilities and a war is the initial means for defining relative power. Thus, to the scope that the Napoleonic wars altered the power balance in Europe and fostered the victorious countries to become status quo powers, it is important to find a direct connection between the new power distribution and preferences for more cohesive protection arrangements. An alternative interpretation is that the change in system norms, rules, and practices wasnt the result of the new power dispensings but rather of new social relations and identities.
The Essay on Management Power and Change
1 Abstract The dynamics of power relations and their effects on organizational change was often underestimated by researchers. Analyses of the role played by power in organizational change are increasing in intensity, scale and impact (Munduate and Bennebroeck-Gravenhorst 2003). The appropriate and effective use of power is fundamental for managers engaged in major change processes. This report ...
New identities aspire to evolve during periods of quick change when legitimate authority undermined and traditional institutions are challenged. In this case the victorious countries needed not only to conform to a new capabilities distribution but also to a new European social structure. The new social changes of the continent were not the effect of hegemonic war but sooner of the French revolution. The French revolution and its dilatation undermined the political basis of absolute monarchy and ruined the political order that was a mainframe for several generations. In addition it also enfeebled the Church and the aristocracy legitimacy, the principles founding the European ruling coalitions. Up to that moment legitimacy had not been an essential point in justifying state rule.
Under the ancient regime hereditary succession had been an uncontested custom. Solely after dynastic continuity had been broken it became an ideology. As armies of Napoleon swept across the mainland, serfage was abolished throughout central and eastern Europe and at the Italian peninsula. Notions of nationalism and citizenship were institutionalized at the conquered countries through the Civil Code of Napoleon, threatening the fundamentals of the most European monarchies. As the political elites and populations of Europe eventually turned against Napoleons empire, the French revolution ideals rooted throughout the continent, not least within the Russian and Prussian monarchies and among the political classes of the German principalities. The Napoleons defeat ceased the French imperial bid, leaving to the victorious countries the aim of rearrangement the political and social structure of Europe.
Years of revolution, warfare and empire left a quite another continent, not the previously existing one. Napoleon had voided the Holy Roman Empire and united or reorganized most ancient republics and city-states into modern states. Altogether, the 234 territories that constituted the empire were curtailed to 39 and adjusted under French rule. As the Quadruple Alliance drove the Frenchmen from the territories they had conquered, almost half of Europe was left without government. In many instances it wasnt clear who the legitimate rulers were or which territories comprised states. All this offered a challenge to the European state system in a route that other main wars did not: even the victorious government regimes were concerned about their legality in the new order. Besides, at a European extent the revolution itself staggered the diplomatic order like nothing else in the recent past.
The Term Paper on The French Revolution and Napoleon
... for national cultures? Chapter 19 Test: The French Revolution and Napoleon Answer Section SHORT ANSWER 37. ANS: The ... in France and in the other European countries that Napoleon had conquered. 51. ANS: Most students ... d. It valued the security of the state over individual liberty. ____ 31. Which of ... Napoleon losing his power c. to show Napoleon passing on control of his empire d. to show Napoleon’s ...
The balance of power and dynastic ties and were toughly challenged by the Napoleons empire and French revolution. So, throughout the epoch, the principle justification for territorial bids tended to be dynastic rights that were symbolized by common names of the wars, e.g. the Wars of Spanish Succession. The balance of power supplied a mechanism to limit monarchs using these practices to dominate Europe. The revolution brought in the idea of nationalism as a legitimizing principle for state ruling, sapping not only the position of the sovereigns but that of the European system as well. This was the framework that made possible the evolution of transnational identities..
