A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud. It is spawned by a thunderstorm (or sometimes as a result of a hurricane) and produced when cool air overrides a layer of warm air, forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. Tornadoes can cause a lot of damage and even deaths. The damage from a tornado is a result of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris.
Tornado season is generally March through August, although tornadoes can occur at any time of year. They tend to occur in the afternoons and evenings: over 80 percent of all tornadoes strike between noon and midnight. From 1950-1995 the total number of tornadoes in Michigan was 722, with an average of 5 deaths and 3, 217 injuries (70 a year average) resulting from the storm a year. Tornadoes are rated on a scale called the Fujita Scale. The storms are labeled with the letter F and then a number 0-6. The Fujita Scale is used to rate the intensity of a tornado by examining the damage caused by the tornado after it has passed over a man-made structure.
The table below shows the ratings for a tornado with the Fujita Scale. The Fujita Scale F-Scale Number Intensity Phrase Wind Speed Type of Damage Done 0 Gale tornado 40-72 mph Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; pushes over shallow-rooted trees; damages sign boards. F 1 Moderate tornado 73-112 mph The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane wind speed; peels surface off roofs; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off the roads; attached garages may be destroyed. F 2 Significant tornado 113-157 mph Considerable damage.
The Term Paper on Tornadoes Mobile Home
... width. The Fujita part of the scale is as follows: F-Scale Number Intensity Phrase Wind Speed Type of Damage Done 0 Gale tornado 40-72 ... mph Some damage to chimneys; breaks branches off trees; pushes over shallow-rooted trees; damages ...
Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted; light object missiles generated. F 3 Severe tornado 158-206 mph Roof and some walls torn off well constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forests uprooted F 4 Devastating tornado 207-260 mph Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown and large missiles generated. F 5 Incredible tornado 261-318 mph Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distances to disintegrate; automobile sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 meters; trees debarked; steel re-in forced concrete structures badly damaged. F 6 Inconceivable tornado 319-379 mph These winds are very unlikely. The small area of damage they might produce would probably not be recognizable along with the mess produced by F 4 and F 5 wind that would surround the F 6 winds. Missiles, such as cars and refrigerators would do serious secondary damage that could not be directly identified as F 6 damage.
If this level is ever achieved, evidence for it might only be found in some manner of ground swirl pattern, for it may never be identifiable through engineering studies The Fujita Scale is based on damage, not the appearance of the funnel. Storm spotters, storm chasers and other weather observers often try to estimate the intensity of a tornado when they are in the field, basing their judgment on the rotational speed and amount of debris being generated as well as the width. The size of a tornado is not necessarily an indication of its intensity. Large tornadoes can be weak, and small tornadoes can be violent. Tetsuya Theodore (Ted) Fujita is to thank for the Fujita Scale. Horace Byers of the University of Chicago brought Professor Fujita to the United States in the early 1950’s.
He proceeded to change the course and the speed of severe storm research like no one else in this century. Shortly after his arrival, he began analyzing single thunderstorms the way larger systems had been studied for decades. He saw them as individual weather systems, which he called meso scale systems. He introduced the concept of tornado families, which are made up of individual tornadoes, each with a unique path, but spawned by the same thunderstorm. Prior to this, long damage paths were usually considered to be made by a single tornado. Through analysis of the photographs of the Fargo, North Dakota storm, he introduced concepts of thunderstorm architecture and terms like ‘wall cloud’ and ‘tail cloud’.
The Essay on Hurricane Storm Daphine Winds
On September 14, 2002, the deadliest hurricane disaster in World history occurred It is impossible to tell all, and the world, at best, can never know all the tragedies written by the storm. This is the worst since the Galveston Hurricane,' which occurred on September 8, 1900 killing more than 6, 000 people. Hurricane Daphine was born off the African coast on September the 4 th but didn't become a ...
He saw in these storms things that we take for granted today. But it took a genius to see them for the first time. In the 1960’s, his analysis of the Palm Sunday outbreak of 1965 again changed the course of how we view a tornado outbreak. For the first time, he mapped the entire outbreak in terms of tornado families. From the thousands of aerial photographs of Palm Sunday damage, he concluded that there was indeed something special about certain tornadoes…
that they must contain more than one vortex. While multiple vortex tornadoes are well known today, he was the first to identify their existence based on damage patterns. In the 1970’s, he again revolutionized tornado climatology by giving us a system that linked damage and wind speed. Previous to this, all tornadoes were counted as equals.
Today, the term ‘F 5’ is used casually by the general public, and in movies. Without Ted, one can only guess whether there would be any system at all. A tornado can develop very quickly. Here is a picture of a tornado forming: This storm was showing a dramatic visual increase in an opaque precipitation curtain northeast of the updraft, which was verified by a much larger and more intense radar echo.
The precipitation curtain extends fully around the back side of the vaulted updraft and the wall cloud is lowering. From this position closer to the updraft, the easterly inflow has increased to 40 to 50 MPH. Not only was there strong inflow, it was becoming progressively stronger as it was ‘squeezed’ into the meso cyclone. The radical increase in inflow, the increase in liquid (and likely frozen) precipitation, and the ominous appearance of the rotating storm led to an inescapable conclusion, that a tornado is about to form.
Tornadoes start deep within vast thunderclouds, where a column of strongly rising warm air is set spinning by high winds streaming through the clouds’s top. As air is sucked into this swirling column, or meso cyclone, it spins very fast, stretching thousands of feet up and down through the cloud, with a corkscrewing funnel descending from the cloud’s base – the tornado. Here is a diagram of a typical tornado forming: Tornado safety is a large concern depending on where you live. If you are in a tornado prone area, knowing what to do and where to go is vital. Each year about a thousand tornadoes touch down in the US. Only a small percentage actually strike occupied buildings, but every year a number of people are killed or injured.
The Essay on Tornadoes And Weather Forecasting
... forecasts for small areas. Meteorologists are people who interpret the weather and vicious tornadoes, such as the ... is actually sound waves, which bounce off clouds and give location of storms this way. ... subject, but the things I found on predicting storms, and of course, tornadoes, were overwhelming. After ... number of weather conditions may ruin a forecast. A fast cold or hot front moving in, an ...
The chances that a tornado will strike a building that you are in are very small, however, and you can greatly reduce the chance of injury by doing a few simple things. One of the most important things you can do to prevent being injured in a tornado is to be alert to the onset of severe weather. Most deaths and injuries happen to people who are unaware and uninformed. Young children or the mentally challenged may not recognize a dangerous situation. The ill, elderly, or invalid may not be able to reach shelter in time. Those who ignore the weather because of indifference or overconfidence may not perceive the danger.
Stay aware, and you will stay alive! If you don’t regularly watch or listen to the weather report, but strange clouds start moving in and the weather begins to look stormy, turn to the local radio or television station to get the weather forecast. Check The Weather Channel for additional information, or if you have trouble getting up-to-the-minute forecasts on a regular radio, then a ‘NOAA weather radio’ is a wise investment. If a tornado ‘watch’ is issued for your area, it means that a tornado is ‘possible’. If a tornado ‘warning’ is issued, it means that a tornado has actually been spotted, or is strongly indicated on radar, and it is time to go to a safe shelter immediately. Be alert to what is happening outside as well. Here are some of the things that people describe when they tell about a tornado experience: .
A sickly greenish or greenish black color to the sky… If there is a watch or warning posted, then the fall of hail should be considered as a real danger sign. Hail can be common in some areas, however, and usually has no activity along with it… A strange quiet that occurs within or shortly after the thunderstorm… Clouds moving by very fast, especially in a rotating pattern or converging toward one area of the sky…
The Essay on Tornado Severe Thunderstorm
A tornado is a violent windstorm usually characterized by a twisting, funnel shaped cloud that is caused by a thunderstorm or a hurricane. It is produced when a cool air mass meets a warm air mass and forces the warm air mass to rise over the cool air mass very rapidly. Most of the damage from a tornado is a result of high wind velocity and wind blown debris. Most tornadoes occur during the months ...
A sound a little like a waterfall or rushing air at first, but turning into a roar as it comes closer. The sound of a tornado has been likened to that of both railroad trains and jets… Debris dropping from the sky… An obvious ‘funnel-shaped’ cloud that is rotating, or debris such as branches or leaves being pulled upwards, even if no funnel cloud is visible. If you see a tornado and it is not moving to the right or to the left relative to trees or power poles in the distance, it may be moving towards you! Remember that although tornadoes usually move from southwest to northeast, they also move towards the east, the southeast, the north, and even northwest. Encourage your family members to plan for their own safety in many different locations.
It is important to make decisions about the safest places well BEFORE you ever have to go to them. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. web web Encyclopedia Britannica 4. Earth Science- Tenth Edition 5. web.
