* How do we decide which to use?
* How do we analyze the results differently depending on the type of sampling? Non-probability Sampling: Why don’t we use non-probability sampling schemes? Two reasons: * We can’t use the mathematics of probability to analyze the results. * In general, we can’t count on a non-probability sampling scheme to produce representative samples. In mathematical statistics books (for courses that assume you have already taken a probability course): * Described as assumptions about random variables
* Sampling with replacement versus sampling without replacement
What are the main types of sampling and how is each done?
Simple Random Sampling: A simple random sample (SRS) of size n is produced by a scheme which ensures that each subgroup of the population of size n has an equal probability of being chosen as the sample. Stratified Random Sampling: Divide the population into “strata”. There can be any number of these. Then choose a simple random sample from each stratum. Combine those into the overall sample. That is a stratified random sample. (Example: Church A has 600 women and 400 women as members. One way to get a stratified random sample of size 30 is to take a SRS of 18 women from the 600 women and another SRS of 12 men from the 400 men.)
The Essay on User Sampling Methods Sample Size
1 Sampling Methods When surveying, for any purpose, it is important to recognise that the results are only as representative as the survey subjects (the sample), and as such much academic research has been performed in to techniques for selection, broadly placing them in one of two categories - probability sampling and non-probability sampling. In short, with probability sampling the participants ...
Multi-Stage Sampling: Sometimes the population is too large and scattered for it to be practical to make a list of the entire population from which to draw a SRS. For instance, when the a polling organization samples US voters, they do not do a SRS. Since voter lists are compiled by counties, they might first do a sample of the counties and then sample within the selected counties. This illustrates two stages. In some instances, they might use even more stages. At each stage, they might do a stratified random sample on sex, race, income level, or any other useful variable on which they could get information before sampling. How does one decide which type of sampling to use?
The formulas in almost all statistics books assume simple random sampling. Unless you are willing to learn the more complex techniques to analyze the data after it is collected, it is appropriate to use simple random sampling. To learn the appropriate formulas for the more complex sampling schemes, look for a book or course on sampling. Stratified random sampling gives more precise information than simple random sampling for a given sample size. So, if information on all members of the population is available that divides them into strata that seem relevant, stratified sampling will usually be used. If the population is large and enough resources are available, usually one will use multi-stage sampling. In such situations, usually stratified sampling will be done at some stages. How do we analyze the results differently depending on the different type of sampling? The main difference is in the computation of the estimates of the variance (or standard deviation).
An excellent book for self-study is A Sampler on Sampling, by Williams, Wiley. In this, you see a rather small population and then a complete derivation and description of the sampling distribution of the sample mean for a particular small sample size. I believe that is accessible for any student who has had an upper-division mathematical statistics course and for some strong students who have had a freshman introductory statistics course. A very simple statement of the conclusion is that the variance of the estimator is smaller if it came from a stratified random sample than from simple random sample of the same size. Since small variance means more precise information from the sample, we see that this is consistent with stratified random sampling giving better estimators for a given sample size. Return to the top.
The Dissertation on Sampling Probability
... equivalent of the stratified random sample. Unlike probability sampling techniques, especially stratified random sampling, quota sampling is much quicker ... confidence intervals for the statistic. With non probability samples, we may or may ... random sample, I could have estimated the total number of books and generated random numbers to draw the sample. Cluster Sampling: The problem with random sampling ...
Non-probability sampling schemes
These include voluntary response sampling, judgement sampling, convenience sampling, and maybe others. In the early part of the 20th century, many important samples were done that weren’t based on probability sampling schemes. They led to some memorable mistakes. Look in an introductory statistics text at the discussion of sampling for some interesting examples. The introductory statistics books I usually teach from are Basic Practice of Statistics by David Moore, Freeman, and Introduction to the Practice of Statistics by Moore and McCabe, also from Freeman. A particularly good book for a discussion of the problems of non-probability sampling is Statistics by Freedman, Pisani, and Purves.
The detail is fascinating. Or, ask a statistics teacher to lunch and have them tell you the stories they tell in class. Most of us like to talk about these! Someday when I have time, maybe I’ll write some of them here. Mathematically, the important thing to recognize is that the discipline of statistics is based on the mathematics of probability. That’s about random variables. All of our formulas in statistics are based on probabilities in sampling distributions of estimators. To create a sampling distribution of an estimator for a sample size of 30, we must be able to consider all possible samples of size 30 and base our analysis on how likely each individual result is. Return to the top.
In mathematical statistics books (for courses that assume you have already taken a probability course) the part of the problem relating to the sampling is described as assumptions about random variables. Mathematical statistics texts almost always says to consider the X’s (or Y’s) to be independent with a common distribution. How does this correspond to some description of how to sample from a population? Answer: simple random sampling with replacement. Return to the top.
The Essay on Statistics-Chart And Graph Paper
Charts and graph are images that present data symbolically. They are used to present information and numerical data in a simple, compact format. This paper will focus on three types of charts and/or graphs which are: pie charts, bar graphs, and histograms. What types of data there are and how the data was collected is important for the reader to understand.. According to Bennett, Briggs, and ...
Types of Graphs
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Line Graphs
Comparing various sets of data can be complicated, but line graphs make it easy. The plotted peaks and dips on the grid allow you to monitor and compare improvement and decline. Scientists use line graphs all the time, as do all types of professionals and students. Learn more about line graphs—the most popular type of graph. ————————————————-
Bar Graphs
Pleasing to the eyes, bar graphs compare data in a simple format consisting of rectangular bars. With a few varieties to choose from, settling on the
right bar graph might be confusing. Should you go with a horizontal, vertical, double or group bar graph? Read on to find out.
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Pictographs
You first encounter pictographs during childhood and bump into them all through life—at school, work, and all over magazines and on TV. These diagrams, which use small picture symbols to compare information, are a media favorite; statisticians, though, do not share the sentiment. Find out why, and learn more about the uses of pictographs. ————————————————-
Pie Charts
Simple to make and simple to understand, a pie chart is a popular form of data comparison, consisting of a circle that is split into parts. When should you use pie charts, and when should you not? Learn about their advantages and disadvantages, and get some tips on making pie charts.
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Cosmographs
A cosmograph is a type of chart that shows comparisons. In doing so, it makes life and work easier. If you want to prepare an input-output model for your organization, or compare the features of a geographical region through a simple visual, cosmographs come in handy. Find out how a cosmograph can help you. ————————————————-
The Essay on Sample Chart/Graph Statistical Information Paper
U.S. households spent, on average, a total of $2,976 on health insurance, medical services, drugs, and medical supplies in 2008. Hispanic, Black or African American, and Asian households spent less—and White households spent somewhat more–than the average. These averages are calculated with data collected from all types of households; that is, households of all sizes, ages, incomes, etc., ...
Organizational Charts
These diagrams represent the relationships between the different positions and ranks of a company through a series of boxes that go from top to bottom and side to side. Not only does anorganizational chart add order and structure to an organization, but it also shows if changes are needed. Get more information on organizational charts.
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Flow Charts
When projects seem overbearing and processes seem complex, flow charts can save the day by break things down into smaller steps and giving you a clearer idea of the overall process. Shapes are typically used to represent the components of a flow chart. Find out what these shapes represent and learn more about flow charts.
