The United Nations defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. ” Intimate partner violence refers to behaviour by an intimate partner or ex-partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours.
sexual violence is any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It includes rape, defined as the physically forced or otherwise coerced penetration of the vulva or anus with a penis, other body part or object. Scope of the problem Population-level surveys based on reports from victims provide the most accurate estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence and sexual violence in non-conflict settings.
The first report of the “WHO Multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women” (2005) in 10 mainly developing countries found that, among women aged 15-49: between 15% of women in Japan and 71% of women in Ethiopia reported physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime; between 0. 3–11. 5% of women reported experiencing sexual violence by a non-partner since the age of 15 years; the first sexual experience for many women was reported as forced – 17% in rural Tanzania, 24% in rural Peru, and 30% in rural Bangladesh.
The Term Paper on Violence Against Women Partners
Violence against Women Partners (1) In order for us to be able to define principles, upon which social policies that are meant to protect women partners from sexual and physical abuse, need to be based, we need to understand what creates preconditions for the violence against women in the first place. The article The 10 Steps to End Violence against Women, which is available on the web site of ...
A more recent analysis of WHO with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Medical Research Council, based on existing data from over 80 countries, found that globally 35% of women have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%) of all women who have been in a relationship have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner, in some regions this is much higher.
Globally as many as 38% of all murders of women are committed by intimate partners. Intimate partner and sexual violence are mostly perpetrated by men against women and child sexual abuse affects both boys and girls. International studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being victims of sexual violence as children. Violence among young people, including dating violence, is also a major problem. Risk factors Factors found to be associated with intimate partner and sexual violence occur within individuals, families and communities and wider society.
Some factors are associated with being a perpetrator of violence, some are associated with experiencing violence and some are associated with both. Risk factors for both intimate partner and sexual violence include: lower levels of education (perpetration of sexual violence and experience of sexual violence); exposure to child maltreatment (perpetration and experience); witnessing family violence (perpetration and experience); antisocial personality disorder (perpetration); harmful use of alcohol (perpetration and experience);
The Review on Intimate Violence and Sexual Abuse: Lived Experiences
... understand the social context in which intimate partner abuse occur (Polit & Beck, 2006). Twenty individuals experiencing intimate violence and sexual abuse were chosen for this ... statistics suggest that Hispanic and Native American women are at a greater risk for intimate partner sexual abuse (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). Further, a ...
having multiple partners or suspected by their partners of infidelity (perpetration); and attitudes that are accepting of violence and gender inequality (perpetration and experience).
Factors specifically associated with intimate partner violence include: past history of violence; marital discord and dissatisfaction; difficulties in communicating between partners. Factors specifically associated with sexual violence perpetration include: beliefs in family honour and sexual purity; ideologies of male sexual entitlement; and
weak legal sanctions for sexual violence. The unequal position of women relative to men and the normative use of violence to resolve conflict are strongly associated with both intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Health consequences Intimate partner and sexual violence have serious short- and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health problems for survivors and for their children, and lead to high social and economic costs. Violence against women can have fatal results like homicide or suicide.
It can lead to injuries, with 42% of women who experience intimate partner reporting an injury as a consequences of this violence. Intimate partner violence and sexual violence can lead to unintended pregnancies, induced abortions, gynaecological problems, and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. The 2013 analysis found that women who had been physically or sexually abused were 1. 5 times more likely to have a sexually transmitted infection and, in some regions, HIV, compared to women who have not experienced partner violence.
They are also twice as likely to have an abortion. Intimate partner violence in pregnancy also increases the likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, pre-term delivery and low birth weight babies. These forms of violence can lead to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep difficulties, eating disorders, emotional distress and suicide attempts. The same study found that women who have experienced intimate partner violence were almost twice as likely to experience depression and problem drinking. The rate was even higher for women who had experienced non partner sexual violence.
Health effects can also include headaches, back pain, abdominal pain, fibromyalgia, gastrointestinal disorders, limited mobility and poor overall health. Sexual violence, particularly during childhood, can lead to increased smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, and risky sexual behaviours in later life. It is also associated with perpetration of violence (for males) and being a victim of violence (for females).
The Essay on Scenario: Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse
Janet just completed her fourth divorce. She is in her early 30s. Her personal life is in chaos. She has children by three of her former husbands. Janet has struggled with addiction issues over the years including alcohol and drugs. She came from a very difficult family where her parents were alcoholics and often fought with each other. Her uncle sexually abused Janet on more than one occasion ...
Impact on children Children who grow up in families where there is violence may suffer a range of behavioural and emotional disturbances.
These can also be associated with perpetrating or experiencing violence later in life. Intimate partner violence has also been associated with higher rates of infant and child mortality and morbidity (e. g. diarrhoeal disease, malnutrition).
Social and economic costs The social and economic costs of intimate partner and sexual violence are enormous and have ripple effects throughout society. Women may suffer isolation, inability to work, loss of wages, lack of participation in regular activities and limited ability to care for themselves and their children.
Prevention and response Currently, there are few interventions whose effectiveness has been proven through well designed studies. More resources are needed to strengthen the prevention of intimate partner and sexual violence, including primary prevention, i. e. stopping it from happening in the first place. Regarding primary prevention, there is some evidence from high-income countries that school-based programmes to prevent violence within dating relationships have shown effectiveness. However, these have yet to be assessed for use in resource-poor settings.
Several other primary prevention strategies: those that combine microfinance with gender equality training; that promote communication and relationship skills within couples and communities; that reduce access to, and harmful use of alcohol; and that change cultural gender norms, have shown some promise but need to be evaluated further. To achieve lasting change, it is important to enact legislation and develop policies that: address discrimination against women; promote gender equality; support women; and help to move towards more peaceful cultural norms.
An appropriate response from the health sector can play an important role in the prevention of violence. Sensitization and education of health and other service providers is therefore another important strategy. To address fully the consequences of violence and the needs of victims/survivors requires a multi-sectoral response. WHO actions WHO, in collaboration with a number of partners, is: building the evidence base on the size and nature of violence against women in different settings and supporting countries’ efforts to document and measure this violence and its consequences.
The Term Paper on Woman Abuse Violence Against Women
... for less intimate victimizations.This analysis highlights the extent to which violence against women continues to ... separation.Men may seek to force their partner to return and then punish ... violence against women is used as a coping method for men. The feminist response ... violence committed against women versus the incorrect police statistics and to develop programs that will work towards prevention. ...
This is central to understanding the magnitude and nature of the problem at a global level and to initiating action in countries; strengthening research and research capacity to assess interventions to address partner violence developing technical guidance for evidence-based intimate partner and sexual violence prevention and for strengthening the health sector responses to such violence; disseminating information and supporting national efforts to advance women’s rights and the prevention of and response to violence against women; and collaborating with international agencies and organizations to reduce/eliminate violence globally.
