Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons act to carry nerve impulses from the brain out to the muscles in the body.
Upper motor neurons supply input to the lower motor neurons. They do this by either synapsing directly to lower motor neurons, or by synapsing with a local circuit neuron, which then synapses with a lower motor neuron. The upper motor neurons originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem. The neurons from the cerebral cortex are important for planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements. Neurons from the brainstem help to regulate muscle tone, control postural muscles, and help maintain balance and orientation of the head and body. Upper motor neurons connect the brain to the proper point of the spinal cord, where it can be synapsed and continued by either the local circuit neuron or the lower motor neuron. When the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron, the neurotransmitter glutamate is used. This neurotransmitter is identified by the glutamatergic receptors.
Lower motor neurons help to connect the brainstem and spinal cord to the actual muscle fibres. They have their cell bodies in the brain stem and the spinal cord, and their axons extend from the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves to skeletal muscles. These motor neurons synapse with the upper motor neurons, carrying on the nerve impulses that the upper motor neurons are carrying.
The Term Paper on Types of Muscles
Activity 1 The Muscle Twitch and the Latent Period 1. 1.Define the terms skeletal muscle fiber, motor unit, skeletal muscle twitch, electrical stimulus, and latent period 2.What .is the role of acetylcholine in a skeletal muscle contraction? Skeletal muscle fiber-Skeletal muscle fibers are the individual cells that are bound together in fascicles. Many fascicles are bound together to make a muscle ...
Motor neurons descend the spinal cord in tracts. These tracts are for the conduction of nerve impulses. The sensory tracts ascend towards the brain, and the motor tracts descend, to the rest of the body. The tracts are named for their position and their direction of signal. Examples of motor tracts are the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract, and the extrapyramidal tract.
An example of an upper motor neuron is the corticospinal tract. The corticospinal tract originates in the cortex of the cerebral hemisphere. This tract is the largest descending pathway. From the cortex, the corticospinal tract descends through the medullary pyramids and 80% of the fibres decussate. This tract contains both sensory and motor axons. The sensory axons go into the dorsal horns of grey matter. This pathway primarily controls voluntary motor control of the limbs, and voluntary posture adjustments.
When an upper motor neuron is damaged, muscle spasticity and very strong automatic reflexes are the result. Symptoms of an injured upper motor neuron can also include stiffness, clumsiness, and awkward movements that affect the mouth and throat first, before spreading to the limbs.
Injury to a lower motor neuron affects the anterior horn cells, and causes muscle weakness, twitching and atrophy. If the cranial nerve motor nuclei in the brain stem are only affected, the symptoms appear as facial weakness, dysphagia, and dysarthria. When a motor neuron is damaged, the results are very different, depending on which motor neuron was damaged. In an upper motor neuron lesion, reflexes are hyperactive, atrophy is absent, fasciculations are absent, and tone is increased. When the lower motor neuron lesion occurs, the results are the opposite. Reflexes are diminished (or absent), atrophy is present, fasciculations are present, and tone is decreased (or absent).
Together, the upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons carry impulses from the brain to the body’s muscles. Injury to these motor neurons can cause a variety of symptoms, which are able to be differentiated based on symptoms for diagnosis.
The Essay on General Motors 5
I first want to start out with the bailout in 2009 where the government gave General Motors money ($40 million) to help get them out the situation with their creditors and took over most of the company. According to reports all of the outstanding stock has been sold and now the company is out of the government’s hands. The total amount given to them was not paid in full and they do not feel like ...
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_motor_neuronhttp://backandneck.about.com/od/l/g/lowermotorneuro.htmhttp://backandneck.about.com/od/m/g/uppermotorneuro.htmPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology. Tortora, Gerard J, Derrickson, Brian. Chapter 16, pg. 560.
Neuropathology 300 notesNeuroanatomy 300 notes
