Chemistry Study Guide Oct 2 nd 1 hour Exam Chapter 9- Thermodynamics KE = 1/2 mv 2 w = F∆ xw = force x distance∙ A state function refers to a property of the system that depends only on its present state. ∙ Internal Energy = heat + work∆ E = q + w∙ Pressure = Force/Area = P = F/A∙ Work = – external pressure x change in volume = – P∆ VEnthalpyH = E + Pvp = ∆ E + P∆ V∆ H = qp∆ H = H products – H reactants Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT Energy “heat” = 3/2 R∆ Cv = 3/2 R = “heat” required to change the temp of 1 mol of gas by 1 K at constant volume Energy required = “heat” – energy needed – energy needed to do to change the translational the PV workenergyCp = 3/2 + R = 5/2 R = Cv + R = CpE = 3/2 RT (per mole) ∆ E = Cv∆ T (per mole) ∆ E = n Cv∆ T”Heat” required = qp = n Cp∆ T = n (Cv + R) ∆ T = n Cv∆ T + nR∆ T (∆ E) (PV) ∆ H = ∆ E + ∆ (PV) ∆ H = ∆ E + ∆ (nRT) = ∆ E + nR∆ T∆ H = n Cp∆ Energy released = energy absorbed = m x Cp x ∆ T (mass) (specific heat) (change in Temperature) ∆ E = q + w = q = qv Bomb calorimeter = ∆ H = ∆ TCp∆ Ho reaction = ∑ ∆ Hof (products) – ∑ ∆ Hof (reactants) Chapter 12 c = λ ν speed of light (3.
0 E 8 m) = (wavelength) (frequency) ∆ E = nh v or ∆ E = hv if n = 1 Planck’s constant = h = 6. 626 x 10-34 J sE photon = hv = hc/λ KE electron = 1/2 mv 2 = hv – h voE = mc 2 De Broglieλ = h / mv PE = -Z e 2/rZ = atomic number = distance between nucleusΗ ψ = Ε ψ Ψ 2 = Probability Density = energy level = shape ml = orientation ms = spin Effective nuclear charge = Ziff = Z actual – effect of electron-electron repulsion 1 eV = 1. 602 x 10-19 ionization energy (g) → X+ (g) + e-∙ First Ionization energy increases as we go across a period from left to right due to shielding effects∙ Shielding occurs because electrons repel each other∙ First ionization energy decreases as we go down a group.
The Essay on Geothermal Energy Heat Water Direct
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is one of the oldest sources of energy. It is simply using and reusing (reusable energy) heat from the inside of the earth. Most of the geothermal energy comes from magma, molten or partially molten rock. Which is why most geothermal resources come from regions where there are active volcanoes. Hot springs, geysers, pools of boiling mud, and fumaroles are the ...
∙ As n increases, the size of the orbital increases, and the electron is easier to remove. ∙ Exceptions: Be to B – decrease in IE shows that the electrons in 2 s orbital effectively shield the 2 p electron. N to O- drop in IE because of addition of electron in first p orbital that results in a pair that repel each other and make either of them easier to remove. Electron Affinity X (g) + e-→ X- (g) ∙ Down a group – more positive since electron is added at increasing distances from the nucleus.
∙ Increase across period because effective nuclear charge is increasing. Electro negativity = (Electron Affinity + Ionization Potential) /2 Lattice Energy Li+ (g) + Cl- (g) → Li Cl (s) Lattice Energy = k (Q 1 Q 2) /r∆ H = ∑ D (Bonds broken) – ∑ D (Bonds formed) Formal charge = (# of valence electrons on a free atom) – (# of valence electrons assigned to the atom in molecule) (Valence electron) assigned = (# of lone pair electrons) + 1/2 (# of shared electrons) 1. Lone pair electrons belong entirely to the atom in question 2. 2. Shared electrons are divided equally between the 2 sharing atoms Chapter 14 Bond Order = (# of bonding electrons – # of anti bonding electrons) /2 Chap 20 CO 2 > CN- > NO 2- > en > NH 3 > H 2 O > OH- > F- > Cl- > Br- > I- (strong field) (weak field) (diamagnetic) (paramagnetic) (Low spin) (High spin) Magnitude of ∆ for ligand increases as charge on metal ion increases.
The Term Paper on Conduction Band Electrons Energy Valence
... the material... The electrons from the valence band have enough energy to jump to the conduction band... The conductivity increases due to the ... equivalent of positive charge. What is doping? In material sciences, doping refers to the introduction of foreign impurity atoms in a ... in electrical conduction. What are two ways that an electron-hole pair can be created? What is the phenomenon called caused ...
