This is most commonly used to evaluate university performance by comparing standardized test score data with grades to determine trends among university students that relate test scores to success or failure within university. However, the current research plan does not require any empirical validation because continually changing data would not support an empirical comparison with another variable to determine the effectiveness of social programs, effectiveness of judicial programs, or link between social deficits and criminal behavior. construct validity refers to the degree to which inferences can legitimately be made from the operationalizations in your study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were based. Like external validity, construct validity is related to generalizing” (Trochim, W. M. K. 2006).
However, unlike external validity that encompasses generalizations concerning individuals, places, or times, construct validity encompasses generalizations of the programs or measures to concepts of research programs or measures.
A better way of thinking of construct validity would be to consider it more of determining exactly what items should be called. Construct validity was first recognized during studies conducted to test for pilots during WWII and was termed at the time as nomological network. This established the foundation for construct validity but lacked a method for determining research measurement construct validity. So in 1959, building on the nomological network to establish processes for evaluating construct validity the multitrait-multimethod matrix was developed.
The Term Paper on Program Northwestern University
It is May 1992. HAL, Inc. is a major manufacturer of computers and computer components. In their Lubbock, TX plant they make printed circuit boards (PCB’s, also referred to as “panels”), which are used by other plants in the company in a variety of computer products. The Lubbock plant, built in 1982, represents an $80 million investment and has approximately 450,000 square feet of ...
Using this new matrix researchers were required to illustrate both convergent and discriminant validity within measurements. Researchers illustrated convergent validity by showing their measurements were hypothetically highly interrelated, while at the same time illustrating that measurements unrelated were in fact not through discriminant validity. This matrix did not provide a useful assessment for construct validity and proved to be complex. However, taking both these methods leading to the foundation of construct validity, the underpinning theme among them both is “pattern. “When we claim that our programs or measures have construct validity, we are essentially claiming that we as researchers understand how our constructs or theories of the programs and measures operate in theory and we claim that we can provide evidence that they behave in practice the way we think they should. The researcher essentially has a theory of how the programs and measures related to each other (and other theoretical terms), a theoretical pattern if you will. And, the researcher provides evidence through observation that the programs or measures actually behave that way in reality, an observed pattern.
When we claim construct validity, we’re essentially claiming that our observed pattern — how things operate in reality — corresponds with our theoretical pattern — how we think the world works. I call this process pattern matching, and I believe that it is the heart of construct validity. It is clearly an underlying theme in both the nomological network and the MTMM ideas” (Trochim, W. M. K. 2006).
Considering a construct validity within the current research plan would apply, current literature supports the proposed research questions both programmatically and measurability.
The Essay on Reliability and Validity Matrix
For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of the type of reliability/validity, its purpose and under what conditions these types of reliability and validity would be used as well as when they would be inappropriate. Then, prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s ...
The first article supports the programs aspects of the research by demonstrating how judicial programs utilized in disadvantaged cities reduced crime rates by reducing civil disorder within the communities. However, these same judicial programs clearly illustrate the crime reduction was related to strict enforcement procedures alone and had no correlation with the integration of social institutions to mitigate social deficits directly correlated with criminal behavior (Golub, A. , Johnson, B. D. , Taylor, A. , & Eterno, J. 2003).
This supports the programmatic aspect of the research by judicial programs combating crime using physical force without adequately addressing the social deficits directly correlated with criminal behavior. This second article, which analyzes social disorganization theory within structurally challenged communities by identifying seven primary domains that encompass a structurally challenged community. By evaluating these seven domains researchers can determine community social support systems and social controls that influence the community networks.
Without these community networks communal social controls are nonexistent, which attributes to crime and disorder (Kingston, B. , Huizinga, D. , & Elliott, D. S. 2009).
Each of these domains can be measured and placed within a specified level of measurement depending upon the variables for each but overall they can be placed on the ordinal level of measurement because each one possesses specific attributes. Reliability means dependable results of a measurement after numerous measurements.
The most obvious method to ensure that the research reliability is verified is by using three reliability principles. The test-retest principle, which utilizes the same measurement instrument for numerous applications by repeating identical questions, adhering to strict research procedures to ensure nothing changes, etc. to ensure the research, obtains unfailing results, ensuring that there are no changes in whatever is measured. Then there is inter-item reliability principle, where an aspect that is relevant to a specific case where items are measure singularly.
The Research paper on Social Practices Community Fans Team
Argumentation Communities Arguments can Argumentation Communities Essay, Research Paper Arguments can be made anywhere we want them to be made. We can look at some of these arguments that we are making by examining the communities we use to make them in. Perceived in terms of context, argument is discussed in terms of the audience to whom it is addressed or in terms of the community, field or ...
Though each item is measured singularly, each must demonstrate relevance with one another through surveys established to measure each singular item. Lastly, interobserver reliability principle entails all involved interviewers or observers utilizing identical measurements to achieve similar results. If various observers or interviewers utilize the identical instrument to score the same item, scores should be identical. The instrument has high interobserver reliability when the scores of two different observers are identical.
One of the most widely utilized scales within criminal justice research was developed by Larry Sherman and his colleagues from University of Maryland. While working on their Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising research report for Congress, Sherman et al. (1997) established the Maryland Scienti? c Methods Scale (SMS).
“The Maryland Scienti? c Methods Scale scores and ranks the methodological quality of a study along a number of dimensions, including: The study’s ability to control outside factors and liminate major rival explanations for an intervention’s effects, the study’s ability to detect program effects; the smaller the effects, the larger the sample size needs to be, and other considerations, such as the study’s response rate, attrition and the use of appropriate statistical tests” (Sherman, Gottfredson, MacKenzie, Eck, Reuter, & Bushway 1997).
Given that the focus of my research deals primarily with criminal justice programs and policies this widely utilized scale for criminal justice research seems to be the logical choice, as experts within the criminal justice field can easily interpret the data and the final results.
Without actually conducting surveys and collecting actual data, it is impossible to determine the reliability of the scale. However, to ensure the scale remains reliable throughout the research combine methodical examinations and meta-analyses to ensure high evidentiary standards are maintained throughout. Further, by combining these I can maintain the reliability by assessing greater amounts of proof validating the reliability. Also this will aid me in eliminating unreliable studies to focus on only the most reliable studies.
Research Paper Animal Experimentation
I Introduction Thesis Statement: Animal testing is a debatable issue in modern society. Some people argue that animal testing should be kept due to medical benefits and research study conveniences. However, I think animal experimentation should be banned by refuting supporters’ arguments. II Body A. Opposing argument 1 Animal experimentations are conducted for human health. Rebuttal to this ...
Lastly, by combining these two I am able to minimize bias through arduous scientific techniques and determine reliable results from research. Social and behavioral sciences scholars have saturated the field with scales and tests of various types to measure innumerable human conditions and traits. Not to discredit any of their works because very often these scholars are professionals in their fields that have dedicated years of research toward understanding these conditions or traits.
Their research forms scholarly knowledge readily accessible to researchers evaluating fresh ideas related to a similar population or even an original population. However, the rationality of validation and standardization suggests that tests establish greater accuracy when accurately linked to a population sample. Because research often entails dealing with variations in populations, researchers such as me must evaluate scales and tests thoroughly to adjust them properly to the research population.
