Operating systems (OS) provide a set of functions needed and used by most application programs on a computer, and the linkages needed to control and synchronize computer hardware. On the first computers, with no operating system, every program needed the full hardware specification to run correctly and perform standard tasks, and its own drivers for peripheral devices like printers and punched paper card readers. The growing complexity of hardware and application programs eventually made operating systems a necessity. THE 1ST GENERATION (1950’s)
The operating systems of the 1950s were designed to smooth the transition between jobs. Before the systems were developed, a great deal of time was lost between the completion of one job and the initiation of the next. This was the beginning of batch processing systems in which jobs were gathered in groups or batches. Once a job was running, it had total control of the machine. As each job terminated (either normally or abnormally), control was returned to the operating system that “cleaned up after the job” and read in and initiated the next job. Examples include: 1.1956, GM-NAA I/O: This early OS was primarily designed to automatically switch to the next job once its current job was completed. It was used on about forty IBM 704 mainframes
THE 2ND GENERATION (early 1960’s)
The second generation of operating systems was characterized by the development of shared systems with multiprogramming and beginnings of multiprocessing. In multiprogramming systems several user programs are in main storage at once and the processor is switched rapidly between the jobs. In multiprocessing systems, several processors are used on a single computer system to increase the processing power of the machine. Device independence began to appear. In first generation systems, a user wishing to write data on tape had to refer to a particular tape drive specifically. In second generation systems, the user program specified only that a file was to be written on a tape drive with a certain number of tracks and a certain density. The operating system located an available tape drive with the desired characteristics and instructed the operator to mount a tape on that drive. Timesharing systems were developed in which user could interface
The Essay on Value System Job Related Life
As the saying goes, "The primary purpose of education is not only teach you earn your bread but also to make each mouthful sweeter." In my opinion, a value system and skills for a specific job is not mutually exclusive. In the era of rapid social and technology changes leading to fierce competition, both a value system and job-related skills are imperative for a person not only to survive but also ...
directly with the computer through typewriter like terminals. Time sharing systems operate in an interactive or conversational mode with users.
The user types a request to the computer, the computer processes the request as soon as it can (often within a second or less), and a response (if any) is typed on the user’s terminal. Conversational computing made possible great strides in the program development process. A timesharing user could locate and correct errors in seconds or minutes, rather than suffering the delays, often hours or days, in batch processing environments Real-time systems emerged in which computers were used to control industrial processes such as gasoline refining. Military real-time systems were developed to monitor thousands of points at once for possible enemy air attacks. Real-time systems are characterized by supplying immediate response. For example, a measurement from a gasoline refinery indicating that temperatures are getting too high might demand immediate attention to avert an explosion. Real-time systems are often heavily underutilized it is far more important for such system to be available when needed and to respond quickly than it is for them to be busy a large portion of the time. This fact helps explain their great cost. Examples of 2nd generation operating systems include: 1.1961, MCP (Master Control Program): Developed by Burroughs Corporations for their B5000 mainframe. MCP is still in used today by the Unisys Clear Path/MCP machines.
The Term Paper on Web Server System User Interface
... Logging) Measurable System must report time and username with every login and transaction Priority High (essential to system) System Requirement Report Generation (SR-3) ... that will be used in order to maintain and operate the system. See section 3. 1. 5 for an explanation ... users donating to the Good Neighbor's Campaign (GNC) to access the GNC web server. Workstation refers to any personal computer ...
THE 3RD GENERATION (mid 1960’s – mid 1970’s)
The third generation of operating systems effectively began with the introduction of the IBM system/360 family of computers in 1964. Third generation computers were designed to be general-purpose systems. They were large, often ponderous, systems purporting to be all things to all people. The concept sold a lot of computers, but it took its toll. Users running particular applications that did not require this kind of power and this played heavily in increased run-time over head, learning time, debugging time, maintenance, etc. Third generation operating systems were multimode systems. Some of them simultaneously supported batch processing, time sharing, real-time processing, and multiprocessing.
They were large and expensive. Nothing like them had ever been constructed before, and many of the development efforts finished well over budget and long after scheduled completion. These systems introduced to computer environments a greater complexity to which users were, at first, unaccustomed. The systems interposed a software layer between the user and the hardware. This software layer was often so thick that a user lost sight of the hardware and so only the view created by the software. To get one of these systems to perform the simplest useful task, users had to become familiar with complex job control languages to specify the jobs their resource requirements. Third generation operating systems represented a great step forward, but a painful one for many users. Examples include: 1.1966, DOS/360.
2.1969, UNIX.
THE 4TH GENERATION (mid 19670’s- present)
Fourth generation systems are the current state of the art. Many designers and users are still smarting from their experiences with third generation operating systems and are careful before getting involved with complex operating systems. With the widespread use of computer networking and on-line processing, user gain access to networks of geographically dispersed computers through various types of terminals. The microprocessor has made possible the development of the personal computer, one of the most important developments of social consequence in the last several decades. Now many users have dedicated computer systems available for their own use at any time of the day or night. Computer power that cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in the early 1960s is now available for less than a thousand dollars. Personal computers are often equipped with data communications interface, and also serve as terminals. The user of a fourth generation system is no longer confined to communicating with a single computer in a timeshared mode.
The Essay on OPERATING SYSTEMS, DOS AND WINDOWS 95
REVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEMS, DOS AND WINDOWS 95 1) It is necessary to install an operating system on every microcomputer because you need user interface. 2) 5 Functions of an operating system are: · Communicates with the user · Scheduling jobs · Control of input and output · Keeping a log of all programs · Primary storage management 3) Advantages and Disadvantages of WINDOWS95 & DOS: · ...
Rather the user may communicate with geographically dispersed systems. Security problems have increased greatly with information now passing over various types of vulnerable communications lines. Encryption is receiving much attention it has become necessary to encode highly proprietary or personal data so that, even if the data is compromised, it is of no use to anyone other than the intended receivers. The percentage of the population with access to computers in the 1980s was greater than ever before and growing rapidly. It is common to hear the term user friendly denoting systems that give users of average intelligence easy access to computer power. The highly symbolic, mnemonic, acronym-oriented user environments of the 1960s and 1970s were being replaced in the 1980s by menu-driven systems that guide the user through various options expressed in simple English. The concept of virtual machines has become widely used. The user is no longer concerned with the physical details of the computer systems (or network) being accessed. Instead the user sees a view called a virtual machine created by the operating system.
Today’s user is more concerned with accomplishing work with a computer and is generally not interested in the internal functioning of the machine. Database systems have gained central importance. Ours is an information-oriented society, and the job of database systems is to make information conveniently accessible in a controlled fashion to those who have a right to access it. Thousands of on-line database have become available for access via terminals over communications networks. The concept of distributed data processing has become firmly entrenched. We are now concerned with bringing the computer power to the site at which it is needed, rather than bringing the data to some central computer installation for processing. Examples of operating systems in this generation include: 1.1977, BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
The Essay on Kontora 2000 System Information Users
KONTORA 2000 PURPOSE The purpose of the information system KONTORA 2000 is to provide organizations with information, which is necessary to perform routine processes, planning, organizing, control and evaluation of work as well as improvement of personnel performance. The main goal during KONTORA 2000 development stage was to create and implement a system, which can provide help in collecting, ...
2.1981, MS-DOS: Developed by Microsoft for the IBM PC’s. It was the first widely available Operating Systems for home users. In 1985, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, which allowed users a graphical user interface (GUI), which rapidly spread Microsoft’s product. 3.1982, SunOS.
4.1984, Mac OS: Developed by Apple Computer, Inc for their new product, the Macintosh home PC. Mac OS was the first OS with a GUI built-in. This lead to a very stable OS, as well as wide acceptance due to its ease of use. 5.1987, OS/2: Developed by a joint venture of IBM and Microsoft. 6.1991, Linux
7.1992, Sun Solaris:
8.1993, Windows NT: Developed by Microsoft as a high-end server Operating System, the NT code became the basis for Operating Systems to this day 9.1995, Windows95: Developed by Microsoft, it was the first Microsoft Operating system to have a graphical user interface built into it. 10.1997, Java’s OS: Developed by Sun Microsystems, Java’s OS was developed primarily using the Java programming language. The OS was created to be installed on any device, including PC’s 11.1998, Windows98: Developed by Microsoft, Windows 98 was the next iteration of the Microsoft Windows95 Operating System. 12.1999, Mac OS X Server 1.0
13.2000, Windows 2000: Developed by Microsoft, Windows 2000 was a much improved Operating System over Windows 98. It was developed from a dramatically different code base. It was targeted for business oriented uses. 14.2001, Mac OS X Version 10.0.
15.2001, Windows XP: Developed by Microsoft, Windows XP was an enhanced version of Windows 2000 code base. 16.2003, Windows Server 2003
17.2007, Windows Vista
18.2008, Windows Server 2008: Developed by Microsoft as an upgrade to Windows Server 2003. And of course the operating systems we use today such as windows 7 and IOS 5.1( for gadgets such as Iphones and Ipads).
The Essay on Microsoft Network Operating System
Windows server 2008 comes in different versions for the different users, not all users need all the same features. The versions are web edition, standard edition, enterprise edition, and datacenter edition. The significance of them are WE 1 OS Is permitted, 32-bit 4GB 64-bit 32GB, maximum number of CPUs 4. SE hyper-V included, plus 1 virtual instance, terminal server ,network access protection, ...