3/15/2012
Special Lecture on Advanced English
ENG 301
Week 1 & 2 – Units 1~4 March 8 ~ 15, 2012
Jong Un Park ([email protected])
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive
• Basics of pronouns
▫ We use pronouns to substitute for nouns that are already introduced in the context. (1) a. The boy loves the girl. b. He loves her. c. They love each other.
• F Forms of pronouns i t f in terms of th i grammatical f f their ti l function ti
1. Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we you, they 2. Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 3. Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive (cont’d)
• Subject pronouns
▫ We normally use subject pronouns (I, you, he, she, etc.) with verbs to show who or what the subject of the verb is:
(2) a. He wrote an email. b. Did she reply? c. No, c No she didn’t didn t.
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive (cont’d)
• Object pronouns: We can use object nouns in the following cases.
▫ After a verb to show who or what the object of the verb is: (3) He sent her an email. (Object = the girl) ▫ After a preposition: (4) She’s angry with him. ▫ After be: (5) A. Hello, who’s speaking? (6) A. Who broke the window? ▫ In short answers: (7) A. Who sent the email? (8) A. I’m sorry. (Object = the boy) B. It’s me. B. It was them/It wasn’t us. B. Me. B. Me, too.
The Essay on 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement
1. Use verbs that agree with a subject, not with a noun that is part of a modifying phrase or clause between verb and subject: “The pot of eggs is boiling on the stove.” 2. Use singular or plural verbs that agree with the subject, not with the complement of the subject: “My favorite type of movie is comedies,” but “Comedies are my favorite type of movie.” 3. Use singular verbs with singular ...
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive (cont’d)
• Reflexive pronouns:
▫ We use reflexive pronouns to show that both the subject and the object of the verb are the same thing or person. (9) He1 asked himself1 what he’d done wrong. (10)He1 looked at himself1 in the mirror. (= He looked at his reflection in the mirror.) ▫ Technically, the reflexive pronouns must appear in the same clause as their antecedents. (11) a. John told Mary that Tom1 hates himself1. (O) b. John1 told Mary that Tom hates himself1. (X)
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive (cont’d)
• Each other (called a ‘reciprocal’)
▫ We use each other to say that each person or thing does the same to the other person/people or thing/things: (12) a. The boy looked at the girl, and the girl looked at the boy. b. They looked at each other.
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Unit 1. Pronouns: Subject, Object, Reflexive (cont’d)
• Summary
Number Person 1st 2nd Singular 3rd 3rd 3rd 1st Plural 2nd 3rd Subject I You He She It We You They Object Me You Him Her It Us You Them
Reflexive Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves
Themselves
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any
• Expletive there
▫ We use expletive constructions there is and there are to talk about things that exist (in a certain place or time/period).
▫ These constructions are normally used in the following format:
There + be + a/an/some/any + NP + PP
▫ Whether there is or there are can be used is determined by the number of a noun phrase following them. p g
(1) A: Is there a tai chi class today? B: No, there isn’t. There are classes on Mondays, and Fridays. (2) A: Is there any water? B: There’s some water over there. I’ll get you some. (3) A: There aren’t any towels. B: Are you sure? There were lots of them five minutes ago.
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any (cont’d)
• Affirmative (or positive) sentences
There + be Determiner or Quantifier a There’s There are an some some NP class instructor water t classes
The Essay on Blood Brothers: Act One on Social Class
Look again at the extract on page 24 starting with “Do you want to come and play?” and ending with “now you say after me: ‘I will always defend my brother’.” With reference to the ways Russell presents the theme of social class in the extract and elsewhere in the novel in act one, show how far you agree that there is no escape from the effects of social class for the characters in the play. Willy ...
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any (cont’d)
• Negative sentences
There + be Determiner or Quantifier a There isn’t There aren’t an some some NP class instructor water t classes
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any (cont’d)
• Questions
There + be Determiner or Quantifier a Is there Are there an some some NP class? instructor? water? classes?
• Short answers
Positive Negative Yes No there is/are there isn’t/there aren’t
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any (cont’d)
• Countable nouns
▫ Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. ▫ They can have a singular form and a plural form:
e.g., a class vs. two classes
• Uncountable nouns
▫ Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. ▫ They do not have a plural form. ▫ We do not use them with a or an (with some exceptions)
e.g., water, time, space
• For more information about countable vs. uncountable nouns, see Unit 16.
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Unit 2. there to be + a/an/some/any (cont’d)
• a/an, some or any
▫ Use a/an in an affirmative statements, negative sentences and questions with singular countable nouns: e.g., There’s a class; There isn’t a class; Is there a class? ▫ Use some in affirmative statements…. with uncountable nouns: e.g., There is some water. with countable nouns: e.g., Th ith t bl There are some classes. l ▫ Use any in negative statements and questions… with uncountable nouns: e.g., There isn’t any bread; Is there any water? with plural nouns: e.g., There aren’t any classes; Are there any towels?
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Unit 3. this, that, these, those
• Basics of demonstratives this, that, these and those
▫ We use this, that, these and those to show exactly which thing or person we are talking about. ▫ The choice of an appropriate form of demonstrative is normally determined by the physical (or psychological) distance b di between ( ) discourse participant(s) and an entity (a) di i i ( ) d i which the speaker refers to.
The Essay on Words And Morphemes Singular Plural
Words and Morphemes The Morpheme In order to describe the form of the linguistic expressions (phrases, sentences, texts) in a language, we must describe how those complex expressions are built from smaller parts, until ultimately we which the atoms of linguistic form. The term morpheme is used to refer to an atom of linguistic form. Most languages have a word like the English word 'word', that ...
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Unit 3. this, that, these, those (cont’d)
• this and these
▫ Use this and these to talk about things that …
are near you: (1) This is a good table. Let’s sit here. are happening now: (2) This has been a great holiday. I want to come back again! (You are still on holiday).
▫ Use this with singular nouns and these with plural nouns.
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Unit 3. this, that, these, those (cont’d)
• that and those
▫ Use that and those to talk about things that …
are not near you: (3) That table looks good. Let’s go over there. are near the person you’re talking to: (4) Could you pass me that chair just behind you? happened in the past: (5) That was a great holiday. (The holiday has finished)
▫ Use that with singular nouns and those with plural nouns.
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Unit 3. this, that, these, those (cont’d)
• This, that, these and those without nouns
▫ We can also use this, that, these and those without nouns following them.
(6) Have you seen this? (7) Whose are those?
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Unit 4. Possessives:
Possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns, possessive ’s, of and whose
• Possessive adjectives
▫ Use possessive adjectives before nouns.
(1) a. We’re having a party at my house. b. It’s my birthday.
▫ Possessive adjectives do not change for singular or p j g g plural nouns.
(2) a. We celebrated his birthday. (his + singular N) b. He was really pleased with his presents. (his + plural N)
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Unit 4. Possessives (Cont’d)
• Possessive pronouns
▫ Use possessive pronouns instead of a possessive adjective followed by a noun.
(3) We aren’t having the party at his house. We’re having it at mine. (4) It isn’t my bi thd i ’t birthday, it’ hi (hi bi thd ) it’s his. (his birthday)
▫ Possessive pronouns do not change for singular or plural nouns.
(5) a. It’s my bag (my + singular N).
The Dissertation on Singularia Tantum Nouns Plural Number
: : : : The Category of Number of English Nouns 2009 Contents Introduction 1. What is Noun 2. Semantical Characteristics of English Nouns 3. The Category of Number of English Nouns Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The theme of my course paper sounds as following: . Before beginning of investigation in our theme, I would like to say some words dealt with the theme of my course paper. The noun ...
> It’s mine. b. They’re my bags (my + plural N) > They’re mine.
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Unit 4. Possessives (Cont’d)
• Possessive ’s
▫ We generally use the possessive ’s for people and animals.
Add ’s to a singular noun: e.g., William’s birthday Add ’s to a plural noun: e.g., My parents’ anniversary
▫ We can generally add ’ or ’s to a singular noun that finishes g y g in s:
(6) a. Charles’ birthday b. Charles’s birthday
▫ See punctuation rules on p.332 for more information.
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Unit 4. Possessives (Cont’d)
• Interim summary
Number Singular Sing/Plur Singular Singular Singular Plural Plural
▫
1It’s
Person 1 2 3 3 3 1 3
Subject pronouns
Possessive adjectives
Possessive pronouns
I You He She It We They
My Your His Her Its1 Our Their
Mine Yours His Hers Its1 Ours Theirs
= It is (e.g., It’s a nice day); cf. Its = possessive adjective or pronoun (e.g., The dog shook its head).
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Unit 4. Possessives (Cont’d)
• The possessive of
▫ We can also talk about possession with “of + (possessor) noun + ’s” or “of + possessive pronoun”.
(7) a. She’s a friend of Peter’s. b. She’s one of Peter’s friends. (= (7a)) (8) a. She’s a friend of his. b. She’s one of his friends. (= (8a))
(9) a. Did you borrow a book of mine? b. Did you borrow one of my books? (= (9a))
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Unit 4. Possessives (Cont’d)
• Whose
▫ With questions about possession, we often use Whose …?
(10)A: Whose birthday is it? B: It is William’s. (= William’s birthday) (11) A: Whose parents are these? p B: They’re his. (= his parents)
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Plan for Next Class
• Homework #1 and Units 6~9
▫ Homework assignment #1: You’re required to do problems in Unit 5 (Questions #1~#4) as a first assignment by Thursday. ▫ R di assignment: Pl Reading i t Please make sure you carefully k f ll read Units 6, 7, 8 and 9, and try to do exercises in each unit.
The Term Paper on Centipede: Pronoun Antecedent
Rony V. Diaz is an award-winningFilipinowriter. He has won severalPalancaAwards.He joined the paper in 2001 as executive director. He eventually became publisher and president of the Manila Times School of Journalism. Hehas taught English at U.P. Diliman and has worked for the Philippinegovernment as a Foreign Service corp Born inCabanatuan, Nueva Ecija butmoved toMindoroafter the bombing of Clark ...
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