How far did British Society change between 1939 and the mid-1970s How far was Britain a multicultural society in 1939? The main immigrant group in Britain in 1939 was Jews, who lived predominantly in London and other big cities, such as Leeds. Some immigrant Jews had been living in Britain for many years; during the second half of the nineteenth century there had been attacks on Jews in Russia (pogroms) and many had fled to Britain. Others had arrived in the 1930s from Nazi Germany. Jews lived in established communities but tended to be well integrated.
Other nationalities which had emigrated to Britain included Greeks and Italians, who mostly came looking for work. During the Second World War, many Italian and German prisoners of war were brought to Britain. Most of the camps that were set up to hold them were in Wales and Scotland and were away from big cities. At the end of the War, many PoWs (prisoner of war) did not return home, especially Italians, because there was already a large Italian community in Britain.
The most important group that arrived in Britain during the Second World War was the Americans, who arrived in large numbers from 1942 onwards. The Americans often received a mixed welcome. On the one hand, they were valuable allies who could help and support the British armed forces in their struggle against Hitler; but they were often seen as brash because they had more money and luxuries than Britain. What immigrants were living in Britain in 1945? By 1945, the picture was much as it had been in 1939. Gradually all of the PoWs returned home or were assimilated into British society. Why have immigrants come to Britain in the past?
The Term Paper on Post World War Two Immigrants
During World War Two Australians finally realised just how vulnerable they were to enemy attacks. The reality of this possibility hit home hard when the Japanese attacked Darwin and when Japanese midget subs penetrated Sydney harbour. We now realised that our island was not an impenetrable fortress. They government also realised that our country was dangerously under-populated. The fact was that ...
Britain is a democracy. Many political refugees have come to Britain to escape persecution by dictators. In the 1930s people came from Germany and other European countries to escape the Nazis. In the 1960s and 1970s Asians fled from Kenya and Uganda. In Britain there has been less persecution of ethnic minorities than in other countries. This means that Britain is seen as safe place to settle. Immigrants are free to practise their religion without prejudice. Britain has also attracted what are now called economic immigrants. People from the Commonwealth have come to Britain because of trade links, or because they see it as the mother country.
Why did large numbers of immigrants begin to arrive in Britain from the Commonwealth 1948 onwards? During the Second World War many Commonwealth citizens fought and died for Britain. After the war the Labour government passed the British Nationality Act in 1948. This said that all citizens of the Commonwealth were British citizens. The Act meant that Commonwealth citizens had the right to come and settle in Britain. The earliest immigrants came from India, where, after independence and partition in 1947, some Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs found themselves isolated.
In the early 1950s many immigrants began to arrive from the West Indies. Emigration to the USA was cut from 65,000 a year to just 800. India, Pakistan and the West Indies came to be known as the New Commonwealth. The National Health Service had been set up in 1948 and railway and bus transport had been nationalised. Large numbers of extra workers were needed. Advertising campaigns were started in the West Indies and India and Pakistan to try to attract workers. In 1954, 9,000 West Indians came to Britain, rising to 26,000 in 1956 and 66,000 in 1961.
Wages in Britain were much higher than in other parts of the Commonwealth and the standard of living was rising very quickly. What problems did immigrants face when they arrived in Britain? Immigrants often found themselves living in the poorest accommodation in the worst areas of big cities. Landlords would not rent to immigrants, or that building societies would not lend them money. This treatment produced ‘black’ areas in many large cities and towns. In the early 1950s most British people were completely unfamiliar with the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religions. They found the rituals, ceremonies and festivals strange and reacted adversely.
The Term Paper on Black Student White People Whites
It is very easy to imagine a world that does not involve race. Humans would work together to make advances in medicine, technology, and education. Asides from imagining, hoping, and dreaming the question comes to mind; is it possible From the day that you learn that Columbus discovered a New World a cloud settles in over the rays of hope and imagination. In the educational system you are molded to ...
Many British people were unable to distinguish between West Indians and Asians and knew little about their history or where they had come from. At work immigrants often found that they were only offered the lowest-paid and most unskilled jobs. When they applied for promotion, they often found that they were blocked, no matter how well-qualified they were. Frequently increases in crime or disease were blamed on them and they were often barred from public houses, clubs and restaurants. This became known as the ‘colour bar’ and notices would often include the words ‘No Blacks’ or ‘No Asians’.
Many immigrants settled in the West Midlands and in 1955 there were strikes against the employment of black and Asian workers. In 1958 violence broke out in Nottingham and then spread to Notting Hill in London. In September 1959 there were two weeks of riots in Notting Hill during which white youths attacked the homes and property of immigrants. Why did such racial hatred develop? Many people were frightened of losing their jobs. They also believed that Britain was going to change for the worse in large numbers of immigrants settled permanently.
Immigrants were blamed for increasing social problems, such as crime and drugs. By the end of the 1950s unemployment began to rise. Communities hardly mixed. Immigrants tended to live in small areas in big cities. In the mid-1950s, many white Britons had never actually met an immigrant, but were still often prejudiced against them. After the Nottingham riots, both of the city’s MPs called for an end to immigration and for some immigrants to be deported. A ‘Keep Britain White’ campaign was organised and groups like the White Defence League suggested that immigrants would soon outnumber white Britons.
In fact in 1958 there were only about 190,000 immigrants in Britain from the New Commonwealth and there were signs that the number of immigrants was beginning to drop. In 1956, 37,450 immigrants came from India, Pakistan and the West Indies, but in 1957 the number fell to 34,800 and in 1958 to just 25,900. After the 1959 general election, which resulted in a large Conservative majority, MPs from Birmingham began to campaign for changes in the law. They were supported by many local groups and in 1962 the government passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act. How did government policies on immigration change in the 1960s?
The Essay on Immigration Facts Immigrants People Act
1. Some of the immigrants who came to the US between the Civil War and WWI include the Irish, Germans, Italians, Polish, Jews, Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans. Groups such as the American Protective Association, the Immigration Restriction League, and the notorious Ku Klux Klan discriminated against these groups. Literacy tests were proposed by the Immigration Restriction League to test new ...
The 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act This stated that only immigrants with jobs waiting for them or those possessing certain skills would be allowed into Britain. Immigrants had to apply for a voucher, which would only be issued if they could offer skills that were needed in Britain. The number of vouchers was limited each year to about 9,000. The Act did not apply to Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Why did the situation get worse in the late 1960s? In 1967, the National Front, a racist party that wanted immigrants to be sent back to their original countries, was set up.
President Kenyatta ordered all Kenyan Asians to take Kenyan nationality or leave the country. Many left and came to Britain. The 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act In response the British government passed the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act. This stated that immigrants must have some close connection with Britain. Close connection meant that the immigrant must have been born in Britain or have a parent or grandparent who had. The Act also restricted the number of vouchers to no more than 1,500 each year. By the late 1960s immigration had become a major political issue.
Opinion polls showed that about 80% of people believed that too many immigrants had been allowed into Britain From 1968 a series of speeches was made by Enoch Powell, a Conservative Politician. He claimed that it would soon be impossible to get a bed in a hospital and predicted that ‘rivers of blood’ would be caused by racial violence. The 1971 Immigration Act This created a new class of immigrants called ‘Patrials’. These were people who had been born in Britain, or who had lived in Britain for more than five years, or whose parents or grandparents had been born in Britain.
Anyone else, whether they came from the Commonwealth or not, needed a work permit. All Commonwealth citizens now needed work permits or visas to come to Britain, unless they were Patrials. 70,000 Asians from Uganda were admitted from 1972, when President Amin ordered all Ugandan Asians to leave the country Why did government policies on immigration change in the 1960s and 1970s? From the late 1950s and early 1960s the number of immigrants coming to Britain rose very rapidly. From 1955 to 1961 400,000 people came to Britain from the West Indies, India and Pakistan.
The Essay on Racial Relations In America Relations From 1900 2000
Racial Relations In America relations from 1900-2000. I should like to start by saying that anthropologists urge people to remember that the "race" concept is a cultural historical construct, not a biological fact. Although the concept was never valid scientifically, it is even less useful as a social construct in this age of global interaction. Does this very discussion not reaffirm the ...
Extra labour was not needed because most of the jobs in the National Health Service and transport had been filled. By 1960 many families were arriving, and men who had arrived in the early fifties were bringing their families over to join them. This meant that immigrants were becoming permanent settlers. By the early 1960s the British economy was beginning to slow down and unemployment was rising. By the early 1960s, it was obvious that immigration had led to severe racial tension. The British government believed that it could reduce racial tension by placing limits on the number of immigrants allowed into Britain each year.
How did the British government try to reduce racial tension? In 1965 the Race Relations Act banned discrimination in all public places, such as pubs, clubs and dancehalls. It became illegal to publish anything, which incited racial hatred. The Act set up a Race Relations Board in 1966, which dealt with complaints. But this had no power to enforce its decisions and was made up almost entirely of white people In 1968 a second Race Relations Act banned discrimination in housing, work or training. It also banned racist adverts.
But landlords could easily say that a house or room had already been rented and there was almost no way to prove otherwise. Employers could always find plenty of reasons for not giving jobs to immigrants. This Act also set up a Community Relations Commission to try to improve race relations. In 1976 the Racial Equality Act banned all attempts to discriminate by indirect means. Abusive or threatening language became illegal. Anyone who felt that they had been the victim of such discrimination could take their complaint to a tribunal. Local authorities had to improve race relations and opportunities for immigrants.
The Term Paper on National Labor Relations Act Employees Employer
1. INTRO. (Page 360) Employment laws have been implemented to protect both employers and employees. Statutes that govern the relationship between the employer and the employee have been around for a long time. The early statutes, especially in England and the U. S. , were to control and restrict workers. The earliest statutes on wages were implemented to set maximum wages. Other statutes ...