1. Introduction Nowadays, the development of economic globalization is promoting the shipping business increasingly important (Wang et al., 2005).
Talley (2009) defined a port or seaport as “a place at which the transfer of cargo and passenger to and from waterways and shores occurs.” As the developing of globalization and world economy, the importance of ports in logistics chain gradually increased. Because of its principles, ports connect sea and inland transport. Therefore, how to improving efficiency at the shore interface has inevitably emerged in the port area (Wanke et al., 2011).
However, the efficiency issues of shore interface really depend on the conditions of the port. In this paper, the author will focus on ship shore interface management and the importance. Then, it will provide an overview to terminal equipment and their operation, and identify the functionality of container seaport terminal with the development strategy which improves the efficiency at ship shore interface. Finally, some conclusion will be given in the end.
2. Ship Shore Interface Apparently the shore interface is the term used for coordination between two different departments that is vessels and the shore facilities. Shipping trade cannot development without shore facilities such as ports, shipping office, coastal, and governmental authorities and other types of shore support (Anish, 2011).
Without the involvement of shore support, it is not possible for ship to perform all the operations on its own. Therefore, the ship shore interface management plays a key role in the shipping trade.
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The base of the ship shore interface management deals with exchange of information and transparent communication before or during different operations carried out together. That the safety of the operation is maintained at all times. It is critical to maintain a clear interface when two departments are connecting, because of any miscommunication can lead to inefficient operation, even accidents. The ship and shore operators have to adequately interface management make sure that the operation can be performed safety, efficiently and within the time limit.
3. Seaport and Terminal The basic function of a sea port is to transfer goods and passengers between ships and shore. Basically, one efficiency terminal depends on a good location and the superior performance of intermodal transport infrastructure. In addition, available land space will have a significant impact on the design of the terminal yard operations. The terminal’s common features include mechanical handling equipment, which includes ship-store interchange equipment, various cranes, terminal pipeline, terminal tractors and trailers straddle carriers etc (ISC, 2010).
More specifically, a great terminal system involve terminal berthing capacity, efficiency of ship shore loading and unloading, terminal’s rail and road capacity and terminal annual storage capacity (ISC,2010).
Such as, ports improve container handling capacity; reduce the ship in port residence time.
1. improve efficiency by ship shore interface equipment and operation Generally speaking, the terminal operators are aim to reduce ship berthing time by efficient resource utilizing, including optimal berth and container cranes allocation in port (Dragovic et.al, 2012).
Terminals must provide enough facilities for the exchange of goods between modes of transport and adequate warehouse. Meanwhile, lift-on lift-off and roll-on roll-off are essential for terminal equipments. For instance, as container terminal that should widely use automatic guided vehicles and automated gantries to achieve operation efficiency. (Port technology, 2012).
In addition, the cargo general stored in container yard for consolidation prior to loading or waiting transform. Warehouses and tank are used for long term storage of specialized cargoes, such as, fertilizer, tobacco and oil. Furthermore, mature traffic network is the necessary standard to build in terminal port which in order to achieve efficiency intra port transportation (Emett, 2005).
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The efficiency of operation and process on the ship shore interface has been analyzed through the basic operation parameters, such as berth utilization, average number of ships and the ship speeds in line-up, average service time of a ship, average time that a ship speedster in port. However, the operation can be divided into two main activities, information management and resource allocation. That operational planning involving the berthing, loading and unloading, yard management; international operations planning and performance monitoring (ICS,2007).
Figure 1: A typical container terminal system [pic] Container handling operation chain (Source: Steenken et al. 2004, p. 13) Figure 1 illustrates the standard procedures of container handling operation chain. All terminals use gantry cranes, as usual, the container handling equipment can be divided into two interfaces. These interfaces are the quayside with loading and unloading of ships, and the landside where containers are loaded and unloaded on/off trucks and trains. When the import containers come from sea by vessels, the quay cranes, which are standing alone side the quay, delivery the containers which are carrying by the ship to the internal vehicles.
Then the internal vehicles send and stack the container to the container yard which has rail-mounted gantry (RMG) in it. While the containers in the container yard, they are picking up by the internal equipment and distributed to the stocks in the yard respectively. More specifically, one area is the empty stock. Separate areas are used for reefer containers or hazardous goods. And all of these containers are ready to load on vehicles to send to the truck and train operation area which connected to the external transportation (hinterland) or waiting for the transshipment. However, the export procedures are opposite. Containers come from the hinterland to the terminal, and then export from the sea (HOFSTRA, 2012).
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In order to improve the efficiency at ship shore interface, port managers need to make sure the process of above mentioned should go smoothly. Port of Rotterdam naturally has an extensive network of shore side connections. The development of infrastructure aims to service the needs of regional economy and covering many modes. Furthermore, there are some further strategies can improve efficiency. For instance, from a managerial perceptive, as port authorities, some terminals should focus on expanding the number of berths rather than benefiting from increasing returns to scale derived from shipment consolidation, a strategy that eventually will come to an end, given the current level of inputs (wanke,2012).
However, the relationship between the berthing time and the service time when the ship is on the berth is called the waiting-time factor. That request the berth planning should be sufficiently flexible to cope with changes in a ships’ arrival and departure schedule. In addition, efficiency gainsay may be derived from structure variables, such as the terminal control, the type of cargo handled, and the percentage of trucks scheduled (wanke, 2012).
Efficient operation depends on a good terminal design and effective information share. Therefore, the configuration of a terminal is complex with many activities having to be improving effectively. Meanwhile, port authority need to improve the supporting facilities. Such as, design suitable distribution center and warehousing system at reasonable location where nearby the terminal. On the other hand, container terminal operators support a very intense communication with external parties like shipping lines, agents, forwarders, truck and rail companies, and governmental authorities. The electronic communication need to base on international standards (Steenken, 2004).The quality of port services is a major requirement of ship and cargo, with the increasing size and speed of container ships, evaluate the attractiveness of a terminal port must consider the turnaround time for ships (Wang et al., 2005).
That means the terminal’s infrastructure must be provided the best condition and service.
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Feature of port productivities include: promote the large numbers of cargo handling and cargo handling speed. Besides, the management system is indispensable. Therefore, the high speed networks may also incite additional investment in rail freight equipment (Slack, 2009).
Modern port with the technological developments, that intermodal developed that formed the inland that gives priority to with container port, inland terminal to carry network system (ISC, 2011).
There is one more situation should consider which is the port congestion. If the congestion happens, the efficiency on the shore interface will reduce directly. Therefore, both port authority and shipowners should consider that as well as. In the short term congestion can be reduced by: extending the port working times, changing the method of working, providing incentives for works, accelerating customs clearance and limiting the dwell time of cargo in port. When port always faces long time congestion port authority may need to purchase new equipment, build new berths and creating additional storage space (ISC, 2007).
3.2 Multipurpose Terminal
Recently, with the development of intermodal and logistics systems, port operational planning is now required to consider cargo flow management at both the inland interface as well as at the seaport terminal. Port operations’ managers have to understanding the planning processes that ensure the efficient and integrated flow of the vehicles and cargo-transfer method. Due to the usual and traditional cargo vessels in marine traffic has gradually declined and new typeset of vessel has come to the fore. Such as, container ship, roll-on roll-off vessel, small handy bulk carriers for specialized trade etc. Those developments cannot be satisfied by the old style cargo terminal or by the specialized terminal. Therefore, there is a conception about “Multipurpose port Terminal” based on improving efficiency at shore interface.
Multipurpose terminals handle heavy lifts, conventional general cargo and project cargo, as well as containers. In other words, it is “A complex of infrastructure equipment and services which offer a combined and flexible response to the servicing of certain types of vessels and cargo, permitting the optimum use of manpower and equipment” (UNCATED, 1991).
4. Conclusion Container terminal now plays a key role in connecting point between sea way transport and inland transport. In the logistics chain, it acts as a distribute centre. According to the increasingly intense competition, container terminal operations are becoming more and more important. That promotes ship shore interface equipment, warehousing, transportation, logistics, port industry and related service industries development. In order to improve the efficiency of ship shore interface, the terminals need to development sustainability and pay more attention to the port operation management.
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