It gives us an immense pleasure to write an acknowledgement to this project report, a contribution of all people who helped us realize it. We take this opportunity to express our respectful regards to our beloved principal Dr. N. C. Hiremath for permitting us to do this project. We express our deep sense of gratitude and appreciation to our beloved HOD Prof. S. B. Patil for this enthusiastic inspiration and amicable in all phases of our project. With due respect we would like to express my sincere thanks to our project guides
Circuit diagram of power supply Figure 5: Pin diagram of ADC Figure 6: pin configuration IC 89c51 Figure 7: relay driver IC Figure 8: Relay circuit Figure 9: interfacing circuit of keyboard with 89c51 Figure 10: a typical LCD display Figure11: Interfacing circuit of LCD with 89c51 Figure 12: capacitor bank List of table Table No 1: Relay operation Abstract The Embedded Technology is now in its prime and the wealth of knowledge available is mind-blowing. Embedded technology plays a major role in integrating the various functions associated with it.
This needs to tie up the various sources of the Department in a closed loop system. This proposal greatly reduces the manpower, saves time and operates efficiently without human interference. This project puts forth the first step in achieving the desired target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems are developed to have in built intelligence. automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and also households to make them stable and due to that the system becomes stable and efficiency of the system as well as the apparatus increases.
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I am a friendly, pleasant, active, enthusiastic person who hails from India, one of the fast growing nations, which is known for its cultural, religious, linguistic and ethnic diversity. I am a masters graduate in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kanpur, one of the India's prestigious and world-renowned institutes. As a masters student I was involved in several research projects of A RDB ( ...
The use of microcontroller reduces the costs. 1. Introduction In the present scenario of technological revolution it has been observed that the power is very precious. The industrialization is primarily increasing the inductive loading. The Inductive loads affect the power factor so the power system looses its efficiency. There are certain organizations developing products and caring R&D work on this field to improve or compensate the power factor. In the present trend the designs are also moving forwards the miniature architecture; this can be achieved in a product by using programmable device.
Whenever we are thinking about any programmable devices then the embedded technology comes into force front. The embedded is now a day very much popular and most of the product are developed with Microcontroller based embedded technology. The advantages of using the microcontroller is the reduction of the cost and also the use of extra hardware such as the use of timer RAM and ROM can be avoided. This technology is very fast so controlling of multiple parameters is possible; also the parameters are field programmable by the user. The lectrical engineering and its applications are the oldest streams of Engineering. Though these systems are quite reliable and cheaper, it has certain disadvantages. The electro mechanical protection relays are too bulky and needs regular maintenance. The multifunctional is out of question. Recently, the technical revolution made embedded technology cheaper, so that it can be applied to all the fields. 2. Objective of the project The Automatic Power factor Correction device is a very useful device for improving efficient transmission of active power.
If the consumer connect inductive load, then the power factor lags, when the power factor goes below 0. 97(lag) then the Electric supply company charge penalty to the consumer. So it is essential to maintain the Power factor within a limit. Automatic Power factor correction device reads the power factor from voltage and current, calculating the compensation requirement switch on different capacitor banks. So in our work we are going to design a control panel which will provide a nearer unity Power Factor When Plant Load is Constantly Changing, resulting in the need for varying amounts of reactive power. . 4. BASIC CONCEPT 4. 1 Power Factor In power systems, wasted energy capacity, also known as poor power factor, is often overlooked. It can result in poor reliability, safety problems and higher energy costs. The lower your power factor, the less economically your system operates. Power factor is the ratio between the real power and the apparent power drawn by an electrical load. Like all ratio measurements it is a unit-less quantity and can be represented mathematically as follows:- Where PF is power factor, kW is the real power that actually does the work,
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KVA is the apparent power and KVAR (not included in the equation) is the reactive power. In an inductive load, such as a motor, active power performs the work and reactive power creates the electromagnetic field. The three types of power relate to each other in a trigonometric form as seen in Figure 1 below Figure 1 Power tringle For the purely resistive circuit, the power factor is 1 (perfect), because the reactive power equals zero. Here, the power triangle would look like a horizontal line, because the opposite (reactive power) side would have zero length.
For the purely inductive circuit, the power factor is zero, because true power equals zero. Here, the power triangle would look like a vertical line, because the adjacent (true power) side would have zero length. Power factor can be an important aspect to consider in an AC circuit; because any power factor less than 1 means that the circuit’s wiring has to carry more current than what would be necessary with zero reactance in the circuit to deliver the same amount of (true) power to the resistive load. The poor power factor makes for an inefficient power delivery system.
Poor power factor can be corrected, paradoxically, by adding another load to the circuit drawing an equal and opposite amount of reactive power, to cancel out the effects of the load’s inductive reactance. Inductive reactance can only be canceled by capacitive reactance, so we have to add a capacitor in parallel to our example circuit as the additional load. The effect of these two opposing reactance in parallel is to bring the circuit’s total impedance equal to its total resistance (to make the impedance phase angle equal, or at least closer, to zero)
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Gavin van der Nest, tralac Researcher, comments on the current electricity crisis in South Africa Perhaps one of the most pressing challenges facing the South African economy in 2015 is maintaining the structural integrity of its electricity generation network. The power system has come under severe strain due to maintenance backlogs and a failure to bring new generating capacity timeously online ...
Power factor measures how efficiently the current is being converted into real work with a low power factor, more electrical current is required to provide the same amount of real power. All current causes dissipation in a distribution system. These losses can be modeled as (Loss I2 * R), where R is the resistance. A power factor of 1 will result in the most efficient loading of the supply; a load with a power factor of 0. 5 will result in higher losses in the distribution system. The reactive load of an industrial power system typically consists of a large number of AC induction motors.
This can cause the total load to be up to 50% inductive. Large inductive loads cause the apparent power to be 25% to 41% higher than the real power. If the utility billing is based on real power (KW) only, the utility must provide up to 41% more capacity than they are billing for. Since it takes more capacity and is more expensive to serve a customer with a low power factor, that customer has to pick up the tab. Most electrical rate tariffs contain provisions that include a minimum power factor. Customers who fall short of the minimum power factor level receive a power factor charge.
Power factor charges may range from few rupees to thousands of rupees per month 4. 2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION: In the real world, utilities normally only require a power factor of 0. 9. Although a unity power factor provides the most efficient power system, a unity power factor leaves the power system susceptible to harmonic problems. Harmonic problems cause excessive heating in motors, nuisance tripping, and premature failure of solid state components. Power factor correction (PFC) is usually achieved by adding capacitive load to offset the inductive load present in the power system.
The power factor of the power system is constantly changing due to variations in the size and number of the motors being used at one time. This makes it difficult to balance the inductive and capacitive loads continuously. The most inexpensive and widely used method of correcting the power factor is through the use of one fixed capacitor bank connected to the incoming transformer or switchgear bus.. The only draw backs to this method are utility restrictions and future inductive loads that change the maximum operational inductive loading. Another method of power factor correction is the use of a variable capacitor bank.
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central banking system of the United States. Established in 1913, it began to operate in Nov. , 1914. Its setup, although somewhat altered since its establishment, particularly by the Banking Act of 1935, has remained substantially the same. Structure The Federal Reserve Act created 12 regional Federal Reserve banks, supervised by a Federal Reserve Board. Each reserve bank is the central bank for ...
This bank would be connected just like the fixed bank. The advantage of the variable capacitor bank is that the bank monitors the system power factor and automatically regulates the amount of capacitive load connected to the system to offset the inductive load. The variable capacitor banks normally come with internal protection, provide space for additional banks. The draw backs to the variable capacitor bank are an increased chance of harmonic problems due to the variations in capacitance. It should be noted that too much capacitance in an AC circuit will result in a low power factor just as well as too much inductance.
You must be very careful to use the proper capacitors for the job (rated adequately for power system voltages and the occasional voltage spike from lightning strikes, for continuous AC service )Thus, our example circuit started out with a power factor of 0. 705 lagging, and was corrected to a power factor of 0. 999 lagging 5. PRINCIPAL OF DESIGN In Our project, we are controlling the power factor of a power line using power factor corrector. Here automatic power factor controlling device is designed using micro-controller 89C51.
The current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT) are used for analysing the performance of the load, and then Analog to digital converter (ADC) circuit is used for converting the parameters of the load to feed the microcontroller. Microcontroller logically estimates the appropriate value of the capacitors to be connected to the power circuit to compensate the lagging power factor and bring it to unity. Corresponding parameters such as power factor are displayed on the LCD. Below figure represents the Block diagram of microcontroller based automatic power factor controlling system.
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Figure 2 Block diagram of microcontroller based automatic power factor controlling system Power supply The representation of the block diagram of the power supply module is as shown in the figure below. As it consist of the transformer, rectifier circuit, filter circuit, ic regulators and lastly terminal which it should be connected. Figure 3 block diagram of power supply Transformer The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0- 230V) to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op– amp.
The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC; rest of the circuits will give only RMS output. Bridge rectifier When four diodes are connected as shown in figure 6, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. Figure 4 circuit diagram of power supply IC voltage regulators Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.