Introduction
Crew resource management is a management criteria which involves making optimum use all available materials,equipment,procedures and persons to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations.Crew resource management (CRM) was originated from the NASA workshop in the year 1979 and its main aim was to improve air safety.The NASA researchers found that the main causes of the most of the aviation accidents was due to human error,and the major problems were lack of interpersonal communication,clear decision making in the cockpit and poor leadership during flight.The CRM concerned a wide range of skills,knowledge and attitudes including communications,problem solving,decision making,situational awareness and teamwork required to manage the flight within an organized aviation industry.Nowadays CRM training is a mandatory in aviation industry and has been started and developed by many aviation organization including major airlines and military aviation globally(Crew resource management).
The leaders can use the concepts of CRM effectively to promote safety in the cockpit by using the following skills.Firstly,make use of situational awareness.This involves conscious identifying of all the factors and conditions-operational,technical and human which mainly affects the safe operation of an aircraft.For situational awareness to be effective people in the cockpit must take in information through their five senses which
include;touch,hearing,smell,sight and taste and also sub-consciously.After taking in the information the information will be transformed by the brain into a mental model of the situation which will help the individual to identify the problem in time and take the necessary measures as soon as may be required to safety in the cockpit.Secondly,sharing of information and knowledge.Sharing of knowledge and information involves a situation where by one crew member informs other members what he/she has noticed in the the cockpit which seem to be the sign of dangerous situations.By sharing of knowledge and information will help to avoid the obvious incidents and accidents which arise due to loss of situational awareness thus promoting safety in the cickpit and overall management of the flight.Lastly there must be good planning and decision making among the crew members in the cockpit.For instance,the main aim of the CRM is to make sure that the high quality decisions are taken whenever there is a problem during flight operations.Successful planning and decision making helps cockpit crew members to make quick decisions according to the plans laid down thus solving the problem which may occur in the cockpit in time(Crew resource management).
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Matrix Institute of Information Technology is a private limited company established in the first quarter of 2006. Its main business is providing higher educational services in Information and Communicational Technology sector. At the inception of the company there were four employees but now it has more than 30 employees working in two branches in Colombo & Matara. Structure of the ...
The Crew resource management was developed because of improving safety in the aviation industry.This issue of improving air safety was introduced in 1979 when a committee organized by NASA found out that most of aviation accidents were caused by human error.The NASA committee then came up with CRM whose main issue was to make optimum use of all available equipment,resources, persons and procedures to enhance safety and efficiency in aircraft during flight.Besides the CRM was developed to provide crew members with mental processes used for gaining and maintaining situational awareness for solving problems, making good decisions,practicing good interpersonal skills and teamwork in the aircraft hence focusing in improving air safety(Aviation safety).
CRM has evolved in the airline industry for a period of more than 20 years.Even if there is no enough information about CRM to decrease aviation error,the industry has admitted the practices and trainings used by the CRM to improve air safety.In many times the survey data produced by military participants and civilian in the United States and abroad indicates that many flight crew members admits CRM practices and find them very useful and relevant.Intelligence Transportation systems(ITS) currently has established to give complete training solutions for all airlines which having plans to produce world- class Crew Resources Management.For instance,more than 60 airlines globally,from the Americas to the Far East and Pacific Rim,from the Arctic Circle to the South Atlantic works with ITS to improve their services(Integrated Team Solution).
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According to Bob Lusch the concepts of CRM may never taken too far if the airline firms are fully controlled by command-and-control management and goods-dominant logic.But there is a possibility that this approach will change as time goes by(service-dominant logic and the social CRM journey: A bridge too far? ).
Crew member team building concepts in the cockpit are taken by qualified and sensitive facilitators through many steps of tasks in the cockpit.They normally stagger,restart ,succeed and finally celebrate before analyzing the lessons got from their achievements and failures and goes on to the next task in the cockpit.With strong team building they discover what it means to make good plans,listen and coordinating while performing their duties in the cockpit.Besides,team building among the crew members in the cockpit makes them to trust and each other and protecting each other from their weaknesses.Hence, sharing any problem which may occur in the cockpit.On the other hand leadership in the cockpit involves all crew members going through sessions to further expand their,creative thinking,skills in problem solving and leadership skills while carrying out the specific duties.Strong leadership in the cockpit allows each member of a group to bring out leadership qualities and gives good opportunity for identifying hitherto unspotted leadership potential among the crew members.Good leadership of members while in the cockpit examines different criteria of leadership that are necessary in given circumstances and different b components of leadership like generation of ideas,co ordinations,quality control and carrying out research.In this situations its clear that if the concepts of team building and strong leadership are balanced in the cockpit it will help crew members to mind each other,carry their duties in a relaxed,comfortable and confident manner.Further more it will more open to each other and ready to share any problem among themselves,and hence more open to change and learning.Finally concepts of team building and strong leadership will enable crew members to meet their plans and targets,enhance the team’s knowledge of itself,create team and leadership commitments,measure the leadership and team against collective goals,establish a clear decision-making process,manage team and leadership conflicts and use coaching to drive team performance while working on the cockpit(Building strong team leadership) .
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According to the Sexton study and other analysis it shows that CRM that have been applied in the aviation industry may also be of great importance in the field of medicine.For example,CRM may be in use in operation rooms,labor and delivery and in emergence environment.For instance, in anesthesiology more than 65% of safety problems are caused by human error.Due to this,a good number of anesthesiologists from the VA Palo Alto Health Care Systems and Stanford University,with financial help from Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation,developed Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM),modeled on CRM.On the other hand Helmreich and Schaefer have also developed CRM applications in the operating rooms by improving their model of team outputs.This framework brings out the team performance inputs that are important to required team functions that in turn lead to good outcomes.Performance functions in this case includes;surgical procedures, team formation and management,communication,situational awareness and decision processes while in the operating room environment.CRM procedures and trainings are also applied in the health environment in the MedTeam behavior-based teamwork system which was developed by Dynamic Research Corporation and was sponsered by the Army Research Labaratory.Adapting research in team performance and training from military aircraft aviation to emergence medicine was their main aim.A few days ago,ACRM has been increased to a full-day cource on neonatal resuscitation training for neonatologists and pediatricians,called “NeoSim”,the course itself involves indiginous training procedures with reviews of literature and didactic instruction with simulation in health care.The field of medicine should learn that the application of CRM in the aviation industry has reduced many human error thus, improving air safety.This means that if the field of health applies the procedures and trainings in operating rooms ,emergence cases and in labor and delivery situations all human errors will be highly reduced.In addition the field of aviation adopts CRM concerned on face validity.The field of medicine may also consider face validity in lieu of maximum research investments (Pizzi L, Goldfarb D and Nash D).
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CRM program may also implemented in Railway transport industry.This applications and trainings in railway transport industry is known as Rail Resource Management(RRM).In any operational railway its good performance depends on its staff members,both as individual and as part of an extended team.Recently,due to the Ladbroke Grove accident in England and the Waterfall accident in Australia,more attentions have been given to the application of this procedures in railways worldwide.The major reasons for RRM training is to develop the skills and providing knowledge required to transform attitudes and behaviors over time, and to reduce risks human error which inhibit the staff from safety,efficiency and customer focus.RRM has has been successful reduced human errors and their consequences in the rail industry.Researches of accident and incidents in the rail transport industry brings out that many safety occurrences can be prevented by railway staff members by making use of the available resources.RRM enables railway operators to deal with human error that have occurred.Currently Asian rail operator is working with ITS to recommend methods of introducing RRM to the operation systems(Independent Transport Safety Regulator).
Most airplane accidents are caused by human error.If pilots and crew members minimizes human error there will be minimum airplane accidents.For this matter doctors should learn from airplane accidents that if they minimize human error there will be no loss of lives in many hospitals.For instance, the report issued by the U.S.Institute of Medicine, in 1999 there is evidence that nowadays medical and healthcare systems lack serious failure management.The study which was known as “To err is human”brought out quite a buzz in that time,yet it should be repeatedly and internalized taught by medical hospital directors and all persons working in the field of medicine for more than once a year.The report was mainly about how to stop deaths caused by medical errors.For example, surgeons operating may miss check list,psychological factors were among people doing various duties in the field of medicine was seen as the main reasons why people die unnecessarily and the reasons why most doctors are not settled with their jobs.The study had great impact on how doctors behaves while in work in the U.S ,yet most people from Europe don’t take the results serious.Finally there about five things that doctors can learn from airplane accidents and they include;always carry out check list,they should follow adheres to guidelines,they should always train,they should what they understand best and ask others what they don’t understand and finally they respect their colleagues.Hence,its high time for doctors to start monitoring at airplane accidents in order to avoid medical error(ZINNAGL L).
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There are several non-aviation related catastrophe in history.For example,the Fukushima nuclear power plant exploration in Japan which occurred in March this year.The total loss caused by nuclear power plant was worth $235bn according to the studies carried out by the World Bank and this is the most expensive disaster.The Fukushima nuclear power plant operators,Tokyo Electric Power (Tepco),released a record losses of 1.25 trillion yen as they were struggling with the nuclear disaster.Fukushima nuclear plant has been widely focused as in formations flow in on the achievements of the situations.Japan’s nuclear board announced the raising of nuclear alert level from four to five one week after the disaster and JAIF gave warnings of goods like dairy produce and spinach to be banned from shipping.Due to the nuclear plant exploration the environment together with marine life was highly affected because of radiation through seawater.Most school playgrounds in Fukushima were also in dangerous conditions due to radioactive dirt which were found there.The catastrophe made many people of Japan to loss their lives,Japan has a country lost properties worth trillions of yen and affected the daily lives of many people in Japan up to date.Honestly i belief that If the participants had practiced CRM the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster could have been averted because participants could have made optimum use of all available resources-equipment,procedures and persons enhance safety and bring about efficiency during the nuclear plant crisis operations.The Fukushima nuclear power plant accident is not parallel to the aviation and medical accidents because the accident was caused mainly by human error which was to be prevented if the CRM practices and trainings were utilized properly (Sedghi A).
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The common concepts of CRM includes;
Human factor
This is a discipline of study that involves with human-machine interface. It normally deals with the psychological, social, physical, biological and safety situations of the operator and the machine the operator is using.Human factor is applied to improve the human output and decrease human error.Commonly deals with variables that determines a person’s performance.
Communication
Communication is the sharing exchange of information and ideas which is normally done either unverbally or verbally.It is important that there should be effective communication between crew members is important in for good CRM.The communication procedures in the aircraft is essential for passing any information,thereby enhancing situational awareness,understanding each other and sharing to solve any problem in the aircraft. Thus,resulting to appropriate and effective decision making amongst themselves.Above all,it promotes good interpersonal skills(The CRM standing group of the royal aeronautical society).
Team Building
Team building refers to group self-assessment in the theory and practice of organizational development.In a team-oriented situations each crew member in the aircraft normally contributes to the maximum success of the airline organization.Even though each crew member has is own duties he/she should unified with other firm members to achieve the main objectives.For the team building to be successful clear expectation and commitment required(Heathfield S).
Leadership
Leadership refers to the art of getting things done through people. The leader in the crew members should motivate is members for the better results in their group. He/She should make crew members to function in a collaborative manner in order to meet the organization goals. The values of a leader are measured by how he/she is able to facilitate the self-leadership of others (Kotelnikov V).
References
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http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/leadership_main.html
Fukushima nuclear power plant update.Sedghi A.Retrieved from;
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/mar/18/japan-nuclear-power-plant-updates
Crew resource management.The CRM standing group of the royal aeronautical society.
Retrieved from; http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/crm-now.htm
How to Make Teams Effective. Heathfield S.Retrieved from;
http://humanresources.about.com/od/involvementteams/a/twelve_tip_team.htm
Independent Transport Safety Regulator.Rail resource management (RRM).Retrieved from;
Integrated Team Solution. Retrieved from; http://www.aviationteamwork.com/
Pizzi L, Goldfarb D and Nash D.Crew Resource Management and its Applications in Medicine.
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scmZ&sig=AHIEtbTdr-5L8PSOE27FKmWt82Y0Uq5gxQ
Service-dominant logic and the social CRM journey: A bridge too far?.Lusch B.Retrieved from
http://www.mycustomer.com/topic/social-crm/service-dominant-logic-and-social-crm/125536
The CRM Standing Group Of The Royal Aeronautical Society. Crew resources management.
Retrieved from; http://www.raes-hfg.com/reports/crm-now.htm
ZINNAGL L. 5 things Physicians can learn from Pilots.Retrieved from;
