Chapter 5 Notes
I. Conquest by the Cradle
1. By 1775, Great Britain ruled 32 colonies in North America.
* Only 13 of them revolted (the ones in what’s today the U.S.).
2. By 1775, the population numbered 2.5 million people.
3. The average age was 16 years old (due mainly to having several children).
4. Most of the population (95%) was densely cooped up east of the Alleghenies, though by 1775, some had slowly trickled into Tennessee and Kentucky.
5. About 90% of the people lived in rural areas and were therefore farmers.
II. The Structure of the Colonial Society
1. In contrast to contemporary Europe, America was a land of opportunity.
* Anyone who was willing to work hard could possibly go from rags to riches, and poverty was scorned.
* Class differences did emerge, as a small group of aristocrats (made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had much of the power.
2. Also, armed conflicts in the 1690s and 1700s enriched a number of merchants in the New England and middle colonies.
3. War also created many widows and orphans who eventually had to turn to charity.
4. In the South, a firm social pyramid emerged containing…
* The immensely rich plantation owners (“planters”) had many slaves (though these were few).
* “Yeoman” farmers, or small farmers. They owned their land and, maybe, a few slaves.
The Essay on The gap between rich and poor in China
... agriculture. This measure will greatly increase the income of farmers. And change the structure of agricultural production by improving ... poor. It caused growing social and economic inequality. The rich get richer and everyone else gets poorer. Firstly, the differently ... increasing of unemployment rate and aggravated the gap between rich and poor. 3.2Hinder the social stable Furthermore, the poverty ...
* Landless whites who owned no land and either worked for a landowner or rented land to farm.
* Indentured servants of America were the paupers and the criminals sent to the New World. Some of them were actually unfortunate victims of Britain’s unfair laws and did become respectable citizens. This group was dwindling though by the 1700s, thanks to Bacon’s Rebellion and the move away from indentured servant labor and toward
slavery.
ll. Workaday America
1. Agriculture was the leading industry (by a huge margin), since farmers could seem to grow anything.
* In Maryland and Virginia, tobacco was the staple crop, and by 1759, New York was exporting 80,000 barrels of flour a year.
2. Fishing could be rewarding, though not as much as farming, and it was pursued in all the American colonies especially in New England.
3. Trading was also a popular and prevalent industry, as commerce occurred all around the colonies.
* The “triangular trade” was common
4. Manufacturing was not as important, though many small enterprises existed.
5. Perhaps the single most important manufacturing activity was lumbering.
6. In 1733, Parliament passed the Molasses Act, which, if successful, would have struck a crippling blow to American
international trade by hindering its trade with the French West Indies.
* The result was disagreement, and colonists got around the act through smuggling.
III. The Great Awakening
1. Due to less religious fervor than before, and worry that so many people would not be saved, the stage was set for a revival, which occurred, and became the First Great Awakening.
2. These new preachers were met with skepticism by the “old lights,” or the orthodox clergymen.
3. However, the Great Awakening led to the founding of “newlight” centers like Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth.
4. The Great Awakening was the first religious experience shared by all Americans as a group.
VI. The Great Game of Politics
1. By 1775, eight of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king.
2. Three had governors chosen by proprietors.
The Essay on Resources from Spanish and French Colonies
During the 1500’s and 1600’s trade was developed between the America’s and Europe. Resources that came from the America’s cause problems for Spain because trade was not properly regulated along with bad relations between other countries and poor leadership, which led to the loss of wealth. Spain also lacked important economic qualities. France was enriched by the resources ...
3. Practically every colony utilized a two-house legislative body.
* The upper house was appointed by royal officials or proprietors.
* The lower house was elected by the people.
VII. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish
1. Life for the Scots was miserable in England, as many were extremely poor, and Britain still taxed them, squeezing the last cent out of them.
2. They constantly tried to further themselves away from Britain.
* Most went to Pennsylvania, where tolerance was high.
3. Otherwise independent, religion was the only thing that bonded these people (Presbyterian).
4. Their hatred of England made them great allies and supporters of the United States during the Revolutionary War.
Chapter 6 Notes
I. France Finds a Foothold in Canada
1. Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the race for colonies.
* It was made in the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife.
* In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued, allowing limited toleration to the French Huguenots.
2. When King Louis XIV became king, he took an interest in overseas colonies.
* In 1608, France established Quebec, overlooking the St. Lawrence River.
3. Samuel de Champlain, an intrepid soldier and explorer, became known as the “Father of New France.”
* He entered into friendly relations with the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeat the Iroquois.
* The Iroquois, however, did hamper French efforts into the Ohio Valley later.
4. Unlike English colonists, French colonists didn’t immigrate to North America by hordes.Peasants were too poor, and the Huguenots weren’t allowed to leave.
II. New France Fans Out
1. New France’s (Canada) one valuable resource was the beaver.
2. The French voyageurs also recruited Indians to hunt for beaver as well, but Indians were decimated by the white
man’s diseases, and the beaver population was heavily extinguished.
3. French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to convert Indians.
4. To thwart English settlers from going into the Ohio Valley, Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit in 1701.
5. Louisiana founded, in 1682, by Robert de LaSalle, to halt Spanish expansion into the area near the Gulf of Mexico.
The Essay on American Independence British War Americans
The war for independence in this country's most important war was not a strategically outstanding war or one filled with military's greatest minds. But one full of supplies shortage and troops turn over as the militias on the states ended their short-term enlistment. In the other hand the British army was coming from a line of victories and it's navy that was soon to have a big defeat against ...
* 3 years later, he tried returning, and landed in Spanish Texas, was murdered by his men in 1687.
6. The fertile Illinois country, where the French established forts and trading posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, became the garden of France’s North American empire.
IV. George Washington Inaugurates War with France
1. The Ohio Valley became a battleground among the Spanish, British, and French.
2. 1754, the governor of Virginia sent George Washington to Ohio country in command of 150 Virginia minutemen.
* Encountering some Frenchmen about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops killed the French leader.
* Later, the French returned and surrounded Washington’s and made him surrender.
V. Global War and Colonial Disunity
1. The French and Indian War (AKA Seven Years’ War) began with Washington’s battle with the French.
2. It was England and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.
3. In 1754, 7 of the 13 colonies met for inter-colonial congress in Albany, New York, known as the Albany Congress.
* Franklin helped unite colonists in Albany, the Albany plan failed because states didnt want to give up power
VI. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath
1. In the beginning, the British sent Gen. Edward Braddock to lead inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery.
2. In a battle with the French, the British were ambushed by French using “Indian-tactics.”
3. As the British tried to attack a bunch of strategic wilderness posts, defeat after defeat piled up.
VII. Pitt’s Palms of Victory
1. In this hour of British trouble, William Pitt, the “Great Commoner,” took the lead.
2. In 1757, he became a leader in the London government and later earned the title of “Organizer of Victory”
3. Changes Pitt made…
* soft-pedaled assaults on the French West Indies, assaults which sapped British strength, and concentrated on Quebec-Montreal (since they controlled the supply routes to New France).
4. In 1758, Louisbourg fell. This root of a fort began to wither the New France vine since supplies dwindled.
The Term Paper on Tax Planing – nature and forms of Business, Sec 10A of income Tax Act of 1961
Tax Planning is an exercise undertaken to minimize tax liability through the best use of all available allowances, deductions, exclusions, exemptions, etc.. to reduce income and/or capital gains. Tax planning can be defined as an arrangement of one’s financial and business affairs by taking legitimately in full benefit of all deductions, exemptions. allowances and rebates so that tax ...
5. 32 year-old James Wolfe, dashing and attentive to detail, commanded an army that boldly scaled the cliff walls of a part protecting Quebec, met French troops near the Plains of Abraham, and in a battle in which he and French commander Marquis de Montcalm both died, the French were defeated and the city of Quebec surrendered.
* The 1759 Battle of Quebec ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history, and when Montreal fell in 1760, that was the last time French flags would fly on American soil.
6. In the Peace Treaty at Paris in 1763…
* France was totally kicked out of North America. This meant the British got Canada and the land all the way to the Mississippi River.
* The French were allowed to retain several small but valuable sugar islands in the West Indies and two never-to-be-fortified islets in the Gulf of St. Lawrence for fishing stations.
7. Great Britain took its place as the leading naval power in the world, and a great power in North America.
VIII. Restless Colonists
1. The colonists, having experienced war firsthand and come out victors, were very confident.
* However, the myth of British invincibility had been shattered.
2. British refused to recognize any American officers above the rank of captain.
* However, hardworking Americans believed that they were equals with the Redcoats, and trouble began to brew.
3. Brits were concerned about American secret trade with enemy traders during the war; in fact, in the last year of the war, the British forbade the export of all supplies from New England to the middle colonies.
4. Spain was eliminated from Florida, and the Indians could no longer play the European powers against each other.
1. In 1763, Ottawa Chief Pontiac led a few French-allied tribes in a brief but bloody campaign through the Ohio
Valley, but the whites quickly and cruelly retaliated after being caught off guard.
* One commander ordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed.
The Essay on Revolutionary War Colonies Act Tax
... to sustain the regiments in the Colonies. The first of all the taxes or Acts was the American Revenue Act of 1784, or called the ... kept on alert in case of renewed hostilities between the British and French. There was still the problem of paying for ... they were enraged that it was Parliament that enacted the Stamp act and not the local legislature and thus began the phrase, ...
2. Now, land-hungry Americans could now settle west of the Appalachians, but in 1763, Parliament issued its Proclamation of 1763, prohibiting any settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians.
* In 1765, one thousand wagons rolled to Salisbury, North Carolina, “up west” in defiance of the Proclamation.
3. The British were in no way to accept this disobedience by Americans, and set for the Revolutionary War.
X. Makers of America: The French
1. The first French to leave Canada were the Acadians.
* The British who had won that area had demanded that all residents either swear allegiance to Britain or leave.
2. The Acadians fled south to Louisiana, they settled among bayous, planted sugar cane. sweet potatoes, and practiced Roman Catholicism.
3. 1763, French settlers in Quebec left, going to New England bc bad harvests led to no food in Quebec because…
* The people hoped to return to Canada someday.
Chapter 7 Notes
I. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
1. only Georgia was planted by the British gov. The rest were started by religious groups, land speculators, etc…
2. The British embraced a theory that justified their control of the colonies called mercantilism:
* A country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury.
* Countries with colonies were at advantage, because colonies could supply the mother country with raw materials, wealth, supplies, a market for selling manufactured goods etc…
3. England’s policy of mercantilism severely handcuffed American trade.
* The first 1650, and was aimed @ Dutch shippers who were elbowing their way into the American shipping.
* The Navigation Laws restricted commerce from colonies to England (and back) to only English ships
* Other laws stated European goods consigned to America had to land first in England
II. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
Merits of mercantilism:
1. The Navigation Laws were hated, until 1763, not enforced , resulting in widespread smuggling.
2. Tobacco planters, couldn’t ship it to anywhere except Britain, still had a monopoly within the British market.
The Essay on American Revolution Control Colonies British
... the American Revolution. The British began taxing the colonies in 1764 with a tax known as the Sugar Act. This tax was followed the Stamp Act. These taxes would ... the American Revolution occurred. One of the main events was the Quartering Act that followed the Sugar Act. This forced colonists to provide British ...
3. Americans also had the mightiest army in the world in Britain, and didn’t have to pay for it.
* After independence, the U.S. had to pay for a tiny army and navy.
* Also, France and Spain embraced mercantilism, and enforced it heavily.
Menace of mercantilism:
1. After Britain began to enforce mercantilism in 1763, the fuse for the American Revolution was lit.
2. Disadvantages of mercantilism included:
* The South, which produced crops that weren’t grown in England, was preferred over the North.
* Many colonists felt that Britain was just milking her colonies for all they were worth.
IV. The stamp tax Uproar
1. After the Seven Years’ War, Britain had huge debt, had no intention of making Americans pay off all of it, it did feel that Americans should pay off one-third of the cost, since Redcoats used for the protection of Americans.
2. The Quartering Act of 1765 required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.
3. In 1765, he also imposed a stamp tax to raise money for the new military force.
* The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.
* Stamp Act & Sugar Act provided offenders to be tried in admiralty courts, guilty until proven innocent.
* Grenville felt taxes were fair, asking the colonists to pay their share; and Englishmen paid heavier stamp tax.
4. Americans felt they were unfairly taxed for unnecessary army and lashed out violently against the stamp tax.
* Americans formed the battle cry, “No taxation without representation!”
* Americans denied right of Parliament to tax Americans, since no Americans were seated in Parliament.
5. Grenville replied that these statements were absurd, and pushed the idea of “virtual representation,” in which every Parliament member represented all British subjects (so Americans were represented).
6. Americans rejected “virtual representation”
V. Forced Repeal the Stamp Act
1. In 1765, representatives from 9 of the 13 colonies met in New York City to discuss the Stamp Tax.
2. The Stamp Act Congress, ignored in Britain, but was a step toward inter-colonial unity
3. Some colonists agreed to boycott supplies, instead, making their own and refusing to buy British goods.
4. Sons and Daughters of Liberty tarring and feathering violators among people who agreed to boycott the goods.
* They also stormed the houses of important officials and took their money.
* 1766, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act & passed the Declaratory Act, Parliament had right to bind colonies
VI. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston “Massacre”
1. Charles “Champaign Charley” Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass Townshend Acts in 1767. They put light taxes on lead, paper, paint, and tea, which were later repealed, except tea.
1. In 1767, New York’s legislature was suspended for failure to comply with the Quartering Act.
2. Tea became smuggled, though, and to enforce the law, Brits had to send troops to America.
3. March 5, 1770, 60 towns people in Boston were harassing some ten Redcoats.
* One fellow got hit in the head, another got hit by a club.
* Without orders but heavily provoked, the troops opened fire, wounding or killing eleven “innocent” citizens, including Crispus Attucks, a black former-slave and the “leader” he became a symbol of freedom
VII. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence
1. King George III was a good person, but a poor ruler who was surrounded with sycophants like Lord North.
2. The Townshend Taxes didn’t really do much, so they were repealed, except for the tea tax.
3. The colonies to spread propaganda and kept rebellious moods, set up Committees of Correspondence which was a network of letter-writers and forerunner of the Continental Congress; first committee started by Samuel Adams.
VIII. Tea Brewing in Boston
1. In 1773, powerful British East India Company, overburdened 17 million pounds of unsold tea, facing bankruptcy.
2. British decided to sell to Americans, were suspicious and felt it was a attempt to trick Americans with bait of cheaper tea and paying tax.
3. December 16, 1773, some Whites, led by Samuel Adams, disguised as Indians, opened 342 chests and dumped the tea into the ocean in this “Boston Tea Party.”
IX. Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
1. 1774, Parliament passed “Repressive Acts” to punish colonies, namely Massachusetts. Called the Intolerable Acts by Americans.
2. The Quebec Act
* A good law in bad company, guaranteed Catholicism to the French-Canadians, permitted them to retain their old customs, and extended the old boundaries of Quebec all the way to the Ohio River.
* Americans saw their territory threatened & aroused anti-Catholics, shocked at enlargement that makes a Catholic area as large as original 13 colonies. Plus, Americans banned from this region from the Proclamation Line of 1763.
X. Bloodshed
1. The First Continental Congress
* Philadelphia, September 5th to October 26th, 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss problems.
* not wanting independence yet, it did come up with a list of grievances, which were ignored in Parliament.
* they came up with a Declaration of Rights.
2. The “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
* 1775, Brit commander in Boston sent troops to Lexington and Concord to get supplies to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock.
* Minutemen, eight killed at Lexington, fought at Concord, pushing Redcoats, shooting from behind rocks and trees, Indian style.
XI. Imperial Strength and Weaknesses
1. war broken open, Britain had heavy advantage 7.5 million people to America 2 million, better naval power, wealth.
2. 30000 Hessians hired by to professional army of 50,000 men, & 50,000 American loyalists &Native Americans
* English Whigs supported America, opposed to Lord North’s Tory Whigs, and felt if George III won, his rule might become tyrannical.
XII. American Pluses and Minuses
Advantages
1. They also had French aid (indirect and secretly), as the French provided the Americans with guns, supplies, gunpowder, etc…
2. They were better marksmen. A competent American rifleman could hit a man’s head at 200 yards.
3. The Americans enjoyed moral advantage in fighting for just cause, and historical odds weren’t unfavorable either.
Disadvantages
1. Americans had little money. Inflation also hit families of soldiers hard, and made many people poor.
XIII. A Thin Line of Heroes
1. Many soldiers had also only received rudimentary training.
2. African Americans fought and died in service, though in the beginning, many colonies barred them from service.
* By war’s end, more than 5,000 blacks had enlisted in the American armed forces.
* African-Americans also served on the British side.
* November 1775, Lord Dunmore issued proclamation declaring freedom for slave in Virginia who joined British Army.
