CHAPTER 1
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
* 1.1 Problem Definition
Agriculture is backbone of INDIAN economy. Today Indian farmer are facing lot many problems like shortage of power supply, burden of loan, irregular rains. Youth of today are losing interest in farming, agriculture development or research thus migrating towards the metro cities for jobs. To change the scenario we have to provide a technological solution for all their problem statements. 70% of India is rural and Agriculture is a big industry of it. This consumes a large amount of water. Now there is limited supply of water on EARTH, so we cannot afford to waste even a small amount of water. This project will be a step forward to decrease the wastage of water on the farming fields. This will save a lot of water on EARTH.
* 1.2 Identification of project
The modern irrigation system is nothing but advanced development of traditional irrigation method of farming. It is necessary to apply water in the necessary quantity and at the right time to sustain agricultural production and to achieve high levels of efficiency in water, energy, fertilizers and pesticide use. It consists of ultra low power controller that is enough intelligent to measure temperature of surrounding as well as soil moisture, according to that it will control the flow water with the help of dc operated solenoid valves and the entire system will work on a battery supply that will be powered by either solar energy or line supply when available. The data collected by the controller will also be transmitted via wireless nodes to the base station. At the base station the data will be collected and stored. This data can be analyzed for future.
The Term Paper on Pp Presentation Food And Water Supplies
PP Presentation Food and Water Supplies (1) Ever since declaration of independence in 1804, the economic situation in Haiti has been steadily worsening, which is one of the reasons why this country is being considered as the poorest in the world for many decades. This does not make much of a sense, especially given the fact that Haiti used to be the most economically thriving country in the world, ...
In traditional irrigation & present system, farmers have to turn on the pump set every time. We propose a methodology in which an overhead tank will be filled up by the pump set and will be used in the day. Using the nozzles we will be developing the required pressure to be used for drip irrigation. In traditional system the sprinkler or dripper is not individually controlled but by proposed irrigation controller we can control individual sprinkler or dripper. The data will be collected by the data acquisition system and the controller will take the decisions. For e.g. depending on the measured soil moisture, temperature, and humidity the appropriate amount of water flow to the dripper, sprinkler will be controlled by the controller. Also it will consider all the settings related to the type of crop, land and its water requirement based on water holding capacity of land.
In the proposed project the master valve of overhead tank will feed water to secondary valve, which are connected to agricultural land cultivating more than one crop. The controller will control the flow of water from secondary valves. Solar panel is used to convert the solar energy into the electrical energy. Battery charger boosts up the electric power from solar panel to charge the battery and if there is no sufficient sunlight, then battery will be charged by line supply. Regulated voltage of battery is used to supply power to the controller & solenoid valves.
Ultra low power micro-controller is the main heart of the system. It will sense the humidity of soil, depending on this data it controls the solenoid valves by turning ON & OFF and will transmit the data via wireless nodes. Humidity & temperature are the main factors of the environment. So with the help of sensors we will measure moisture level of soil & surrounding temperature. Wireless sensor nodes transmit the data to the base station.
The Essay on Water Shortages Percent Irrigation Postel
Emerging Water Shortages Threaten Food Supplies, Regional Peace Spreading water shortages threaten to reduce the global food supply by more than 10 percent. Left unaddressed, these shortages could lead to hunger, civil unrest, and even wars over water, reports a new book from the Worldwatch Institute. Irrigation accounts for two thirds of global water use, but less than half that water reaches the ...
Driver circuit is used to drive the solenoid valves. They are operated on 12V DC supply. According to requirement of field area the sprinkler or dripper will be used for supplying water.
1.3 Objective of project
Our objective of project is to develop irrigation for agricultural land by designing an irrigation controller that is intelligent enough to measure soil moisture, humidity & surrounding temperature. . With the help of these records it will control the solenoid valves and whole system can be solar powered. The main aspects of our project are Power management and Water management.
1.3.1 Power management:-
* In rural areas of INDIA there is shortage and irregularity of the line supply. This irrigation system can work on the battery supply, which will be charged by the solar panels, so this reduces the runtime investment of the farmer.
* We will be using the ultra low power micro controller to save the battery life. The MSP430 micro controller uses only 0.1 µA of current in power down mode (lpm4) and 280 µA in the active mode. So the battery life can be highly extended.
* Conventionally farmer uses electric pump for feeding the water to the plant, every time farmer has to depend on line supply. So our idea is to build up overhead tank. With help of nozzle effect and self potential energy of water pressure is buildup for drippers
1.3.2 Water management:-
* With the help of electronically controlled sprinkler or dripper system we will utilize water resource more efficiently.
* In traditional system only 60% to 70% of water utilizes by crop and rest of water just gets wasted, by proper scheduling we can overcome this problem. Irrigation system can be scheduled to apply water for a predetermined period of time. The schedule can be implemented using timers. However, a more efficient way is to activate irrigation only when soil moisture is below a certain threshold
The Term Paper on Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems
ABSTRACT Irrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze ...
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
To fulfill vision of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam mission 2020, develop INDIA as super power we have to improve our traditional agricultural methods using latest technologies. So that we will have sufficient agricultural production that will not only fulfill our population requirements but also can be a means to improve our economy. A good irrigation control system can be judged by its efficient utilization of water resource, the energy to deliver it and the consumption of human power, etc.
Because the soil moisture sensors of irrigation control system has a nonlinear response and a significant time delay, it may take a considerable amount of man power to get satisfactory results using traditional feedback control method. On the other hand, an experienced farmer can often manage the irrigation system proficiently by simply using fingers as the sensors to decide the timing for irrigation and with the gather information in terms of experience. It is a good alternative for traditional control method. They can determine when and for how long the plants must be watered but they cannot control the amount of water. Keeping in mind the need of today to be a developed nation and preserve traditional irrigation system rural India has to be technologically strong. The scientist and engineers are continuously working in this field so as to provide an irrigation controller.
The papers and the patents referred have been either line powered or are supported by battery backup. In our project we are introducing a new decision making system i.e. intelligent and also supported by solar panel as a conventional source of energy means to power the system. In this project concept of overhead tank is also introduced so that pressure can be developed through nozzles. We also introduce an ultra low power micro controller to save the power consumption.
2.1 International Development in the Area of Project
Literature and Patent search for Techno-commercial Status of Proposed Project.
Title: Irrigation controller
Document Type and Number: United States Patent 63143
Title: Computer controlled irrigation system
Document Type and Number: United States Patent 4209131, Jun 24, 1980
The Term Paper on Different Types of Soils in India
1. Black soils The principal region of black soils is the Deccan plateau and its periphery extending from 8°45’to 26o north latitude and 68o to 83o45′ east longitude. They are formed from Deccan basalt trap rocks and occur in areas under the monsoon climate, mostly of semi-arid and sub-humid types. The overall climate of black soil region may be described as hot and dry summer, 40-100 ...
Title: Microprocessor based irrigation system with moisture sensors in multiple
Zones
Document Type and Number: United States Patent 5337957, Aug 16, 1994
Title: An Automatic Control System of Precision Irrigation for City Greenbelt
Document Type: 2007 Second IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications
Title: Towards Design of Context-Aware Sensor Grid Framework for Agriculture
Document Type: PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 28 APRIL 2008 ISSN 2070-3740
2.2 International Status
Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network Yunseop (James) Kim, Member, IEEE, Robert G. Evans, and William M. Iversen, IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, VOL 57, NO. 7, JULY 2008, pp1379.
Efficient water management is a major concern in many cropping systems in semiarid and arid areas. Distributed in-field sensor-based irrigation systems offer a potential solution to support site-specific irrigation management that allows producers to maximize their productivity while saving water. This paper describes details of the design and instrumentation of variable rate irrigation, a wireless sensor network, and software for real-time in-field sensing and control of a site-specific precision linear move irrigation system. Six in-field sensor stations distributed across the field based on a soil property map, and periodically sampled and wirelessly transmitted to a base station site-specifically monitored Field conditions. An irrigation machine is converted to be electronically controlled by a programming logic controller that updates geo referenced location of sprinklers from a differential Global Positioning System (GPS) and wirelessly communicates with a computer at the base station. Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication. Graphic user interface-based software developed in this paper offered stable remote access to field conditions and real-time control and monitoring of the variable-rate irrigation controller.
Application of Fuzzy Logic in an Irrigation Control System Quanxing Zhang and Chwan-Hwa “John” Wu, Department of Electrical Engineering and Ken Tilt Department of Horticulture Auburn University Auburn, AL 36849-5201, USA, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 1996.
The Essay on Soil Pollution 2
Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics.[1] Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil differs from its ...
An Automatic Control System of Precision Irrigation for City Greenbelt 2007 Second IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. Yandong Zhao and Chenxiang Bai, Beijing Forestry University, Qing Hua donglu No.35.Beijing, China. Bo Zhao Zibo Vocational Institute Shandong Province, China.
From the viewpoint of modern control theory, soil-plant-water is concerned with a complicated system. Thus, precision irrigation needs all kinds of advanced techniques to achieve high efficiency of water resource. This paper presents an irrigation system, which includes FD moisture sensor, wireless communication, RS-485 bus, remote control and distributed control. In particular, authors developed the complete irrigation system, including soil moisture sensor. Since soil-plant-water is viewed as a time-varying objective, a control algorithm related two inputs to one-output for fuzzy model is proposed. As a demo of automatic control in water resource usage, this system has been running for one year to monitor and control irrigation process in a greenbelt of the campus of Beijing Forestry University.
2.3 National Status
Title: – Automated Irrigation Controller
Inventors: Prof. K. N. Tiwari, Prof. Swapna Banerjee, Mr. A. Joshi – Department of Agricultural & Food Engg. & Electronics & Electrical Communication Engg. Department, (IIT Kharagpur).
Automated Irrigation Controller has been designed and developed based on the principal of soil moisture potential. A tensiometer in conjunction with mercury manometer and two sensors has been designed to detect the change in mercury level due to variation in soil moisture. The sensors give feed back to the electronic circuitry to actuate and de-actuate irrigation pump. The developed irrigation controller was tested in laboratory and field plot irrigated through drip system operated with electric motor driven mono-block pump. The irrigation controller actuated and de-actuated the irrigation pump exactly at the preset position of the sensors during field test.
CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 3
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3.1 Base Station
The Essay on Solar Power Assisted Electric Scooter
INTRODUCTION “Because we are now running out of gas and oil, we must prepare quickly for a third change, to strict conservation and to the use of coal and permanent renewable energy sources, like solar power.” – JIMMY CARTER, televised speech, Apr. 18, 1977 In times such as today, cumulative solar energy production accounts for less than 0.01% of total Global Primary Energy demand. And the ...
Figure 3.2 Field node
3.2 DESCRIPTION:-
Battery & Voltage Regulator
Regulated voltage of battery is used to supply power to the controller & solenoid valves.
Controller
Controller is the main heart of the system. It will sense the humidity of soil depending on this data it controls the solenoid valves by turning them ON or OFF. The controller MSP430 consumes very less power, and so is the ideal selection for this project. The controller has an in-built temperature sensor, which can be used directly.
Wireless Sensor Node
Wireless Sensor Node is a small module, which transfers the data to other nodes wirelessly. So using this device the system transmits all of its data (sensor readings) to the base station, via other nodes. This node uses RF for transmission.
Humidity & Soil Moisture sensor
Humidity & temperature are the main factors of the environment. So with the help of sensors we will measure moisture level of soil, humidity & surrounding temperature.
Driver for valves
Driver circuit is used to drive the solenoid valves. They are operated on 12V DC supply. Here we can use relays for driving the valves.
Dripper
According to requirement of field area the sprinkler or dripper will be used for supplying water.
3.3 FLOW CHART
STARTRT
Send air temperature, soil moisture, humidity from field to base. bbbbbbasebase
Search database for optimum air temperature, soil moisture, humidity.
Read sensors for temperature, soil moisture, humidity.
Is moisture < optimum value
?
No
Turn on valves
Yes
Read soil moisture sensor.
Is moisture > optimum value
No
Turn off valves
Yes
Sleep for 30 minutes
Figure 3.3 Flowchart for Program
3.4 ALGORITHM
Step 1: The system will send air temperature, soil moisture, humidity from field to base. These are the type of inputs given to the system.
Step 2: Now the system will search for the database for optimum temperature, soil moisture and humidity requirements of the crop, according to the input. The database will be stored in the memory of the microcontroller.
Step 3: Now the system has calculated all the required conditions. So now the system starts reading the current temperature, soil moisture and humidity in the air.
Step 4: If the soil moisture is less than the optimum value, than the valves will be turned ON. The system again reads the soil moisture. If the soil moisture read is less than the optimum value, let the valves be turned ON, else turn OFF the valves.
Step 5: Sleep for 30 minutes.
Step 6: Read all the sensor readings again and repeat the process.
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
We plan to implement the project at rural level. The controller used can help to induce some intelligence by programming all the decision to be taken. Using the overhead tank and nozzles pressure can be developed for irrigation system. The master valve can be used to control the secondary valves, which are watering the different crops in agricultural land according to their requirement. The decision is taken by the controller. The wireless sensor nodes will be used to transmit the data to the base station. At base station the data is saved for future assessment.
4.1 Schematic Layout
The following diagram shows the schematic layout of the irrigation controller placed in the farm.
Figure 4.1 Schematic layout of the system
4.2 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:-
The controller based irrigation system consists of humidity sensor, temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, solar panels, battery, valves, sprinkler, wireless sensor nodes and intelligent ultra low power micro controller.
The soil moisture sensor implanted in soil will sense the water content in soil and temperature sensor will sense the surrounding temperature. The micro controller has an in-built temperature sensor to sense the ambient temperature. The humidity sensor will read the moisture of surrounding air. The controller will read the output of sensors and it will take decision depending upon the database present in it.
The database contains the ideal quantity of water requirement (soil moisture), ideal temperature and humidity required for a particular crop. The controller does not have to measure sensors after every second, so we can put the controller in the power down mode (lpm4) to reduce the power consumption. This increases the battery life extensively. The controller will control the flow of water by sending PWM signal to driver of DC operated solenoid valves. With PWM signal we can control the flow of water precisely. Driver circuit is used to drive the solenoid valves. They are operated on 12V DC supply. The signal to driver will turn ON/OFF solenoid valves.
The solenoid valves will be installed in between water supply and dripper, thus flow of water to dripper is controlled by controller. The voltage regulator circuit provides constant voltage to solenoid valves and controller. The data collected by the micro controller will be sent to the base station via wireless sensor nodes.
The wireless sensor node transmits the data to other nodes, and this continues till the data reaches the base station. In this way large fields can also be covered without using high power high cost transmitters. In this way wireless sensor nodes form a mesh in the fields transmitting each other’s data to the base station. The battery powers to voltage regulator circuit. The battery is charged by either solar panels or by line supply through battery charger circuit. The battery charger boosts up the electric power from solar panels. At the base station the data is saved for future assessment.
4.2.1 Reason for choosing MSP430:
MSP430 consumes only 280 µA of current in active mode. It has five power down modes. In lowest power down mode, lpm4, the current consumption is reduced to only 0.1 µA (which is approximately zero).
Comparing this to other micro controllers (8051), the power consumption is a big difference. Also MSP430 is very fast compared to traditional micro controllers, as can be seen.
Parameter | MSP430(MSP430F149) | 8051 µc(AT89S52) |
Supply-Voltage | 1.8 V . . . 3.6 V | 4.0V to 5.5V |
Power Consumption Active Mode | 280 µAat 1 MHz, 2.2V | 25 mA at12Mhz |
Idle mode | Standby Mode: 1.6 μA | Idle Mode, 12 MHz 6.5 mA |
Power down mode | Off Mode (RAM Retention):0.1 μA | Power-down Mode VCC = 5.5V50 μA |
Architecture | 16-Bit RISC | 8-bit |
Instruction Cycle Time | 125-ns | High |
COMPARISON OF MSP430 WITH 8051 Microcontroller:
Table 4.1 Comparison of MSP430 with 8051 µc
So MSP430 is the ideal selection for this project.
4.2.2 MSP430 Architecture:
Figure 4.2 MSP430 Architecture
As can be seen that MSP430F149 has 60 KB flash memory, enough for the program and to create a small database. It has 2KB of RAM. It has in-built 12 bit ADC. It has 16 pin interrupt capability on port1 and port2. It has a total of 48 I/O pins (6 ports).
It has in-built system clock, watchdog timer, comparator, USART (UART and SPI modes), two timers (Timer_A and Timer_B).
4.2.3 MSP430F149 FEATURES:
* Low Supply-Voltage Range, 1.8 V . . . 3.6 V
* Ultra low-Power Consumption:
* Active Mode: 280 µA at 1 MHz, 2.2V
* Standby Mode: 1.6 µA
* Off Mode (RAM Retention): 0.1 µA
* Five Power-Saving Modes
* Wake-Up from Standby Mode in less than 6 µs
* 16-Bit RISC Architecture
* 125-ns Instruction Cycle Time
* 12-Bit A/D Converter With Internal Reference, Sample-and-Hold and Auto scan Feature
* 16-Bit Timer_B with Seven Capture/Compare-With-Shadow Registers
* 16-Bit Timer_A with Three Capture/Compare Registers
* On-Chip Comparator
* Serial Onboard Programming, No External Programming Voltage Needed Programmable Code Protection by Security Fuse
* Serial Communication Interface (USART), Functions as Asynchronous UART or Synchronous SPI Interface
* Two USARTs (USART0, USART1)
* 60KB+256B Flash Memory, 2KB RAM
* Available in 64-Pin Quad Flat Pack (QFP) and 64-pin QFN
4.2.4 Description of MSP430F149:
The Texas Instruments MSP430 family of ultralow-power microcontrollers consists of several devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications. The architecture, combined with five low power modes is optimized to achieve extended battery life in portable measurement applications. The device features a powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit registers, and constant generators that attribute to maximum code efficiency. The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) allows wake-up from low-power modes to active mode in less than 6μs.
The MSP430x14x series are microcontroller configurations with two built-in 16-bit timers, a fast 12-bit A/D converter, one or two universal serial synchronous/asynchronous communication interfaces (USART), and 48 I/O pins. Typical applications include sensor systems that capture analog signals, convert them to digital values, and process and transmit the data to a host system. The timers make the configurations ideal for industrial control applications such as ripple counters, digital motor control, EE-meters, hand-held meters, etc. The hardware multiplier enhances the performance and offers a broad code and hardware-compatible family solution.
4.2.5 Memory Management:
Table 4.2 Memory Management
As can be seen MSP340F149 has an inbuilt 60Kb of flash memory for code, 256 Byte for information memory and 1Kb of boot memory. Further it has 2KB of RAM and peripheral memory.
4.2.6 CPU registers:
The MSP430 CPU has a 16-bit RISC architecture that is highly transparent to the application. All operations, other than program-flow instructions, are performed as register operations in conjunction with seven addressing modes for source operand and four addressing modes for destination operand.
The CPU is integrated with 16 registers that provide reduced instruction execution time. The register-to-register operation execution time is one cycle of the CPU clock. Four of the registers, R0 to R3, are dedicated as program counter, stack pointer, status register, and constant generator respectively. The remaining registers are general-purpose registers. Peripherals are connected to the CPU using data, address, and control buses, and can be handled with all instructions.
The instruction set consists of 51 instructions with three formats and seven address modes. Each instruction can operate on word and byte data.
Figure 4.3 CPU Registers
4.2.7 Operating Modes of MSP430:
The MSP430 has one active mode and five software selectable low-power modes of operation. An interrupt event can wake up the device from any of the five low-power modes, service the request and restore back to the low-power mode on return from the interrupt program.
The following six operating modes can be configured by software:
* Active mode (AM):
All clocks are active
* Low-power mode 0 (LPM0):
CPU is disabled
ACLK and SMCLK remain active. MCLK is disabled
* Low-power mode 1 (LPM1):
CPU is disabled
ACLK and SMCLK remain active. MCLK is disabled
DCO’s dc-generator is disabled if DCO not used in active mode
* Low-power mode 2 (LPM2):
CPU is disabled
MCLK and SMCLK are disabled
DCO’s dc-generator remains enabled
ACLK remains active
* Low-power mode 3 (LPM3):
CPU is disabled
MCLK and SMCLK are disabled
DCO’s dc-generator is disabled
ACLK remains active
* Low-power mode 4 (LPM4):
CPU is disabled
ACLK is disabled
MCLK and SMCLK are disabled
DCO’s dc-generator is disabled
Crystal oscillator is stopped
4.2.8 Power consumption in different operating modes:
Supply current into AVCC + DVCC excluding external current.
Table 4.3 Power Consumption of MSP430
As the major concern of this project is to save water and power, so MSP430 suits best for minimizing the power requirement of the system. Also as the system does not have to be active 24×7, so most of the time the system will be in lowest power down mode, lpm4. In this way the power consumption is highly reduced. This increases the battery life extensively.
Figure 4.4 Power consumption in MSP430 in various modes
4.2.9 Interrupt Vector Addresses:
The interrupt vectors and the power-up starting address are located in the address range 0FFFFh − 0FFE0h. The vector contains the 16-bit address of the appropriate interrupt-handler instruction sequence.
Table 4.4 Interrupt Vector Addresses
4.2.10 WSN-MSP430:
WSN-MSP430 is a wireless sensor network evaluation tool which provides cost effective and fastest way to test and build new designs based on MSP430 for wireless sensor network. Wireless Sensor Networking enables more connectivity for sensor applications that will provide advance monitoring, automation and control solutions for a range of industries. The applications of wireless sensor networks are almost limitless with many industries and applications having specific technology requirements such as reliability, battery life, range, frequencies, topology, size of network, sampling rate and sensor use.
WSN-MSP430 supports nRF24L01, ANTAPI chipsets from NORDIC. It also supports GSM / GPRS & Ultrasonic Sensors as a Piggyback Modules. User interface of 3 interrupt enable Tactile Switches, 8 LED for user applications and 8 bit hardware address selection using jumper. WSN-MSP430 has external connector for ECG module with SPI and ADC interface and supports Ultra low power operations for 5+ years battery life. JTAG header is available on the left side of the WSN-MSP430 Board for program downloading and Real Time Debugging.
Figure 4.5 PCB DIAGRAM of WSN
4.2.11 Sensor Interfacing:
Figure 4.6 Sensor Interfacing
Sensor interfacing to MSP430 is done using J11 connector as can be seen. The soil moisture probe sensor is interfaced to MSP430 using the ADC pins: P6.6 or P6.7(ADC6 or ADC7).
The humidity sensor, SHT10 is connected to P3.1, P3.2, P3.3 (UCLK, SIMO,SOMI) for serial communication. SHT10 can also be interfaced to any other pins. It has its own protocol, which can be used by any pin.
4.3. Single chip 2.4 GHz Transceiver nRF24L01
4.3.1 FEATURES
Features of the nRF24L01 include:
Radio:
* Worldwide 2.4GHz ISM band operation
* 126 RF channels
* Common RX and TX pins
* GFSK modulation
* 1 and 2Mbps air data rate
* 1MHz non-overlapping channel spacing at 1Mbps
* 2MHz non-overlapping channel spacing at 2Mbps
Transmitter:
* Programmable output power: 0, -6, -12 or -18dBm
* 11.3mA at 0dBm output power
Receiver:
* Integrated channel filters
* 12.3mA at 2Mbps
* -82dBm sensitivity at 2Mbps
* -85dBm sensitivity at 1Mbps
* Programmable LNA gain
RF Synthesizer:
* Fully integrated synthesizer
* No external loop filer, VCO varactor diode or resonator
* Accepts low cost ±60ppm 16MHz crystal
Enhanced ShockBurst™:
* 1 to 32 bytes dynamic payload length
* Automatic packet handling
* Auto packet transaction handling
* 6 data pipe MultiCeiver™ for 1:6 star networks
Power Management:
* Integrated voltage regulator
* 1.9 to 3.6V supply range
* Idle modes with fast start-up times for advanced power management
* 22uA Standby-I mode, 900nA power down mode
* Max 1.5ms start-up from power down mode
* Max 130us start-up from standby-I mode
Host Interface:
* 4-pin hardware SPI
* Max 8Mbps
* 3 separate 32 bytes TX and RX FIFOs
* 5V tolerant inputs
Compact 20-pin 4x4mm QFN package:
4.3.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
The nRF24L01 is a single chip 2.4GHz transceiver with an embedded baseband protocol engine (Enhanced ShockBurst™), designed for ultra low power wireless applications. The nRF24L01 is designed for operation in the world wide ISM frequency band at 2.400 – 2.4835GHz. An MCU (microcontroller) and very few external passive components are needed to design a radio system with the nRF24L01.
The nRF24L01 is configured and operated through a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI.) Through this interface the register map is available. The register map contains all configuration registers in the nRF24L01 and is accessible in all operation modes of the chip. The embedded baseband protocol engine (Enhanced ShockBurst™) is based on packet communication and supports various modes from manual operation to advanced autonomous protocol operation. Internal FIFOs ensure a smooth data flow between the radio front end and the system’s MCU. Enhanced Shock- Burst™ reduces system cost by handling all the high-speed link layer operations.
The radio front end uses GFSK modulation. It has user configurable parameters like frequency channel, output power and air data rate. The air data rate supported by the nRF24L01 is configurable to 2Mbps. The high air data rate combined with two power saving modes makes the nRF24L01 very suitable for ultra low power designs. Internal voltage regulators ensure a high Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) and a wide power supply range.
4.3.3 nRF24l01 Block Diagram:
Figure 4.7 BLOCK DIAGRAM of nRF24l01
4.3.4 nRF24l01 Pin Assignment:
Figure 4.8 nRF24l01 Pin Assignment
4.3.5 Pin Description:
Table 4.5 Pin Description of nRF24l01
4.3.6 Benefits:
* Ready for production
* Reduce time to market
* Remove complicity of RF design
* No RF experience require
* No expensive RF equipment require
* Plug and play
* No fuss on turning and trimming
* No need for expensive external antenna
4.3.7 Application Diagram:
Figure 4.9 Application Diagram
3V power supply is given to the nRF module by the voltage regulator, TPS76330. nRF module requires SPI interface with the micro-controller. IRQ is the interrupt to the micro-controller
4.3.8 nRF24L01 Networking:
Figure 4.10 nRF24L01 networking
Each pipe can have up to 5 byte configurable address. Data pipe 0 has a unique 5 byte address. Data pipes 1-5 share the 4 most significant address bytes. The LSByte must be unique for all 6 pipes. Figure below shows how data pipes 0-5 are addressed.
Note: Always ensure that none of the data pipes have the same address.
Figure 4.11 Addresses for Pipes
4.3.9 Packet Format:
Figure 4.12 Packet Format
Preamble:
The preamble is a bit sequence used to detect 0 and 1 levels in the receiver. The preamble is one byte long and is either 01010101 or 10101010. If the first bit in the address is 1 the preamble is automatically set to 10101010 and if the first bit is 0 the preamble is automatically set to 01010101. This is done to ensure there are enough transitions in the preamble to stabilize the receiver.
Address:
This is the address for the receiver. An address ensures that the correct packet are detected by the receiver. The address field can be configured to be 3, 4 or, 5 bytes long.
Payload:
The payload is the user defined content of the packet. It can be 0 to 32 bytes wide and is transmitted on-air as it is uploaded (unmodified) to the device.
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check):
The CRC is the error detection mechanism in the packet. It may either be 1 or 2 bytes and is calculated over the address, Packet Control Field, and Payload.
4.3.10 State Diagram:
The state diagram shows the modes the nRF24L01 can operate in and how they are accessed. The nRF24L01 is undefined until the VDD becomes 1.9V or higher. When this happens nRF24L01 enters the Power on reset state where it remains in reset until it enters the Power Down mode. Even when the nRF24L01 enters Power Down mode the MCU can control the chip through the SPI and the Chip Enable (CE) pin.
Three types of states are used in the state diagram. “Recommended operating mode” is a state that is used during normal operation. “Possible operating mode” is a state that is allowed to use, but it is not used during normal operation. “Transition state” is a time limited state used during start up of the oscillator and settling of the PLL.
Figure 4.13 State Diagram
4.3.11 PTX operation:
The flowchart shows how nRF24L01 configured as a PTX behaves after entering standby-I mode.
Figure 4.14 Flowchart for PTX
Description of PTX operation:
You activate PTX mode by setting the CE pin high. If there is a packet present in the TX FIFO the nRF24L01 enters TX mode and transmits the packet. If Auto Retransmit is enabled, the state machine checks if the NO_ACK flag is set. If it is not set, the nRF24L01 enters RX mode to receive an ACK packet. If the received ACK packet is empty, only the TX_DS IRQ is asserted. If the ACK packet contains a payload, both TX_DS IRQ and RX_DR IRQ are asserted simultaneously before nRF24L01 returns to standby-I mode.
If the ACK packet is not received before timeout occurs, the nRF24L01 returns to standby-I mode. It stays in standby-I mode until the ARD has elapsed. If the number of retransmits has not reached the ARC, the nRF24L01 enters TX mode and transmits the last packet once more. While executing the Auto Retransmit feature, the number of retransmits can reach the maximum number defined in ARC. If this happens, the nRF24L01 asserts the MAX_RT IRQ and returns to standby-I mode. If the CE is high and the TX FIFO is empty, the nRF24L01 enters Standby-II mode.
4.3.12 PRX operation:
The flowchart shows how a nRF24L01 configured as a PRX behaves after entering standby-I mode.
Figure 4.15 Flowchart for PRX
Description of PRX operation:
You activate PRX mode by setting the CE pin high. The nRF24L01 enters RX mode and starts searching for packets. If a packet is received and Auto Acknowledgement is enabled the nRF24L01 decides if this is a new packet or a copy of a previously received packet. If the packet is new the payload is made available in the RX FIFO and the RX_DR IRQ is asserted. If the last received packet from the transmitter is acknowledged with an ACK packet with payload, the TX_DS IRQ indicates that the PTX received the ACK packet with payload.
If the No_ACK flag is not set in the received packet, the PRX enters TX mode. If there is a pending payload in the TX FIFO it is attached to the ACK packet. After the ACK packet is transmitted, the nRF24L01 returns to RX mode. A copy of a previously received packet might be received if the ACK packet is lost. In this case, the PRX discards the received packet and transmits an ACK packet before it returns to RX mode.
4.3.13 Circuit Diagram:
nRF24L01 with single ended matching network crystal, bias resistor, and decoupling capacitors.
Figure 4.16 Circuit Diagram for nRF
4.3.14 Node to Node Communication:
Figure 4.17 Node to Node communication
The above block diagram shows the simple transmission of data from one node to another node. The data in the field MSP430 node is put into the output buffer of nRF module. This is done using SPI interface at 8Mbps. nRF then sends the data to the base node wirelessly, at 2.4 Ghz. After sending the data an interrupt is sent to the micro-controller.
At the base the nRF module receives the data. This data is validated by the nRF module using PID (Packet Identity) and checksum(optional).
If the data is valid the nRF interrupts the micro-controller to take the data from the receive buffer of nRF module. The data can then be saved and analyzed and further action can also be taken. If required the sms (to the desired number) will also be sent from the base node using GSM module at 1800Mhz.
4.4 Vegetronix Soil Moisture Sensor Probes:
Figure 4.18 Vegetronix Soil Moisture Sensor Probes
Soil moisture sensor probes enable precise low cost monitoring of soil water content. Because the probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil using transmission line techniques, it is insensitive to water salinity, and will not corrode over time as does conductivity based probes. The probes are small, rugged, and consume under a milliamp of power. We offer two probes in the VG400 series.
The VG400 which has an output range of 0 to 3V and the VG400-LV which has an output range of 0 to 1.8V related proportionally to water content. The VG400-LV is so power efficient that it can be run continuously for over 300 hours from a single coin battery, or over 5 years if the soil is sampled once per minute. When choosing between the -LV and standard VG400, only use the -LV, if you have to power the probe with less than 3.3V.
4.4.1 Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Features:
* Extreme low cost with volume pricing.
* Not conductivity based.
* Insensitive to salinity.
* Probe does not corrode over time.
* Rugged design for long term use.
* Small size.
* Consumes less than 600uA for very low power operation.
* Precise measurement.
* Measures volumetric water content (VWC) or gravimetric water content (GWC).
* Patent pending technology.
* Output Voltage is proportional to moisture level.
* Wide supply voltage range.
* Can be buried and is water proof.
* Probe is long and slender for wider use, including smaller potted plants.
4.4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Applications:
* Irrigation and sprinkler systems.
* Moisture monitoring of bulk foods.
* Rain and weather monitoring.
* Environmental monitoring.
* Water conservation applications.
* Fluid level measurements.
4.4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Specifications:
Power consumption | < 800uA |
Supply Voltage | 3.3V to 20 VDC. |
Power on to Output stable | 400 ms |
Output Impedance | 100K ohms |
Operational Temperature | -40ºC to 85ºC |
Output | 0 to 3V related to moisture content |
Table 4.6 Soil Moisture Sensor Probe Specifications
4.4.4 Interfacing Diagram:
Figure 4.19 Interfacing Diagram for probe sensor
The soil moisture probe sensor is interfaced to MSP430 using the ADC6 pin: P6.6. The reading of the soil moisture can be read from the probe sensor at any time. The output of the sensor is analog, so it is given to the ADC pin of the controller, where the reading is converted into its digital format. The reading is then analyzed. If the soil moisture is less than that required by the plant then the valves will be turned ON and the water will be provided to the field (or a part of the field).
The same reading will also be send to the base station, wirelessly.
4.5 Humidity Sensor, SHT10:
Figure 4.20 Humidity Sensor, SHT10
4.5.1 Specifications of SHT10:
* Fully calibrated
* Digital output
* Low power consumption
* Excellent long term stability
* SMD type package – reflow solderable
* Voltage Source- 3.3 V
* Power Consumptions:
* Sleep : 2µW
* Measuring: 3mW
* Average : 150µW
4.5.2 Interfacing Diagram:
Figure 4.21 Interfacing Diagram for SHT10
Serial clock input (SCK):
SCK is used to synchronize the communication between microcontroller and SHT1x. Since the interface consists of fully static logic there is no minimum SCK frequency.
Serial data (DATA):
The DATA tri-state pin is used to transfer data in and out of the sensor. For sending a command to the sensor, DATA is valid on the rising edge of the serial clock (SCK) and must remain stable while SCK is high. After the falling edge of SCK the DATA value may be changed.
To avoid signal contention the microcontroller must only drive DATA low. An external pull-up resistor (e.g. 10kΩ) is required to pull the signal high – it should be noted that pull-up resistors may be included in I/O circuits of microcontrollers.
4.5.3 Timing Diagram for read and write operations:
Figure 4.22 Timing Diagram for read and write operations
4.5.4 Timing Diagram for start of transmission:
Figure 4.23 Timing Diagram for start of transmission
4.5.5 Timing Diagram for SHT10:
Figure 4.24 Timing Diagram for SHT10
Bold DATA lines are controlled by sensor while plain lines are controlled by the micro-controller.
4.5.6 Conversion of Signal Output:
Relative Humidity:
For compensating non-linearity of the humidity sensor and for obtaining the full accuracy of the sensor it is recommended to convert the humidity readout (SORH) with the following formula with coefficients:
RHlinear=c1+c2. SORH +c3. SORH2 (%RH)
Where,
SORH | c1 | c2 | c3 |
12 bit | -2.0468 | 0.0367 | -1.5955E-6 |
8 bit | -2.0468 | 0.5872 | -4.0845E-4 |
Table 4.7 Values of c1,c2,c3
4.6 GSM Module:
4.6.1 Block Diagrams of GSM Module:
Figure 4.25a Block Diagram of GSM Module
Figure 4.25b Block Diagram of GSM Module
4.6.2 GSM Module:
Figure 4.26 GSM Module
4.6.3 Power Supply for GSM Module:
GSM module can be operated with two power supply. It can powered by the WSN-MSP430 base unit with pin 5 which is 9V and with the help of external power supply of 5-9V. With LM350 voltage regulator 5V supply can be obtained which can be used to power SIM300 GSM module, RS-232 communication module and other circuits.
Figure 4.27 Power Supply for GSM Module
4.6.4 GSM Connector to SIM Card Holder Connections:
SIM300 GSM module is connected to the sim card holder with the help of 4 lines. Only 6 of 8 pins are used in sim holder. The GSM connector with pins 19,21,23,25 are connected to the SIM kit as shown in diagram below.
Figure 4.28 GSM Connector to SIM Card Holder Connections
4.6.5 Network LED:
The GSM module can be switched on and off with the help of jumper J13 and also through the MSP430 in WSN-MSP430. The network LED is used to detect the working of the GSM module.
Figure 4.29 Network LED
4.6.6 WSN Base Unit to GSM Unit Connections:
GSM module can be piggybacked with the WSN-MSP430 using the below connection details. The combination of GSM module and WSN-MSP430 is used for the GSM communications through which information can be sent to the long distances and it can be processed further.
Figure 4.30 WSN Base Unit to GSM Unit Connections
The GSM module is interfaced to the MSP430 Using the serial pins, namely: URX and UTX. The GSM module is given external power supply and ground.
4.7 .LOW-POWER 150-mA LOW-DROPOUT LINEAR
REGULATOR, TPS76330:
Figure 4.31 Pin diagram for TPS76330
4.7.1 Features:
* 150-mA Low-Dropout Regulator
* Output Voltage: 3.0 V
* Dropout Voltage, Typically 300 mV at 150 mA
* Thermal Protection
* Over Current Limitation
* Less Than 2-μA Quiescent Current in Shutdown Mode
* –40°C to 125°C Operating Junction Temperature Range
* 5-Pin SOT-23 (DBV) Package.
4.7.2 Description:
The TPS763xx family of low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulators offers the benefits of low-dropout voltage, low-power operation, and miniaturized packaging. These regulators feature low dropout voltages and quiescent currents compared to conventional LDO regulators. Offered in 5-terminal small outline integrated-circuit SOT-23 package, the TPS763xx series devices are ideal for cost-sensitive designs and where board space is at a premium. A combination of new circuit design and process innovation has enabled the usual pnp pass transistor to be replaced by a PMOS pass element. Because the PMOS pass element behaves as a low-value resistor, the dropout voltage is very low—typically 300 mV at 150 mA of load current and is directly proportional to the load current. Since the PMOS pass element is a voltage-driven device, the quiescent current is very low (140 μA maximum) and is stable over the entire range of output load current (0 mA to 150 mA).
Intended for use in portable systems such as laptops and cellular phones, the low-dropout voltage feature andlow-power operation result in a significant increase in system battery operating life. The TPS763xx also features a logic-enabled sleep mode to shut down the regulator, reducing quiescent current to 1 µA maximum at TJ = 25°C.The TPS763xx is offered in 1.6-V,1.8-V, 2.5-V, 2.7-V, 2.8-V, 3.0-V, 3.3-V, 3.8-V, and 5-V fixed-voltage versions and in a variable version (programmable over the range of 1.5 V to 6.5 V).
The TPS763xx low-dropout (LDO) regulators are new families of regulators which have been optimized for use in battery-operated equipment and feature extremely low dropout voltages, low quiescent current (140 μA), and an enable input to reduce supply currents to less than 2 μA when the regulator is turned off.
4.7.3 Functional block diagram:
Figure 4.32 Functional block diagram for TPS76330
TERMINAL NAME | I/O | DESCRIPTION |
GND | | Ground |
EN | I | Enable input |
FB | I | |
IN | I | Input supply voltage |
NC | | No connection (fixed-voltage option only) |
OUT | O | Regulated output voltage |
Table 4.8 Pin Description
4.7.4 Application circuit:
Figure 4.33 Application circuit for TPS76330
External Capacitor Requirements:
Although not required, a 0.047-μF or larger ceramic bypass input capacitor, connected between IN and GND and located close to the TPS763xx, is recommended to improve transient response and noise rejection. A higher-value electrolytic input capacitor may be necessary if large, fast-rise-time load transients are anticipated and the device is located several inches from the power source. Like all low dropout regulators, the TPS763xx requires an output capacitor connected between OUT and GND to stabilize the internal loop control. The minimum recommended capacitance value is 4.7 μF and the ESR (equivalent series resistance) must be between 0.2 Ω and 10 Ω. Capacitor values 4.7 μF or larger are acceptable, provided the ESR is less than 10 Ω. Solid tantalum electrolytic, aluminum electrolytic, and multilayer ceramic capacitors are all suitable, provided they meet the requirements described above. Most of the commercially available 4.7 μF surface-mount solid tantalum capacitors, including devices from Sprague, Kemet, and Nichico, meet the ESR requirements stated above.
4.8 Drip Irrigation:
It is the most efficient method of irrigating. While sprinkler systems are around 75-85% efficient, drip systems typically are 90% or higher. What that means is much less wasted water!
For this reason drip is the preferred method of irrigation. But drip irrigation has other benefits which make it useful almost anywhere. It is easy to install, easy to design, can be very inexpensive, and can reduce disease problems associated with high levels of moisture on some plants. Drip irrigation (sometimes called trickle irrigation) works by applying water slowly, directly to the soil. The high efficiency of drip irrigation results from two primary factors. The first is that the water soaks into the soil before it can evaporate or run off. The second is that the water is only applied where it is needed, (at the plant’s roots) rather than sprayed everywhere. While drip systems are simple and pretty forgiving of errors in design and installation.
Figure 4.34 Drip Irrigation
4.8.1 MASTER VALVES:
It is an automatic valve, typically an electric solenoid type valve that is installed at the point where the irrigation system connects to the water supply. The master valve is wired to a special “master valve circuit” on the irrigation controller. The irrigation controller turns the master valve on and off.
How a master valve works:
Zone valves are the individual valves that operate a group of sprinklers or drip emitters. A typical irrigation system has several zone valves. Typically one zone valve is turned on at a time, and controls the irrigation in a specific area of the yard. Whenever one of the irrigation zone valves is told to open by the controller, the controller also signals the master valve to open. So the master valve is a little like a back up valve, or a fail-safe valve. The purpose of the master valve is to shut off the water to the irrigation system when none of the zone valves are operating.
Benefits of master valves:
* If a zone valve develops a leak, or doesn’t close, the master valve will act as a back-up to shut off the water. Note that the water will still be on as long as any other zone valves are on. But when all are finished watering, the master valve will shut off the main water supply to the entire irrigation system. While this does not eliminate the water loss or damage, it may minimize it.
* If the mainline pipe (the pipe from the water source to the zone valves) breaks, the water will be turned off at the end of the irrigation cycle and this may minimize water loss and damage. This is especially useful if the mainline is on a hillside, where a leak might cause massive erosion and property damage. Again, the water will still be on as long as any other zone valves are on, so it only will stop the flow when the entire irrigation system is off.
* Some of the more expensive irrigation controllers can use a flow sensor in combination with a master valve to detect leaks and shut off the entire irrigation system. The controller memorizes how much water is used by each valve zone. If the flow sensor shows that the water use is higher than expected, indicating a leak, the controller detects the change in flow and closes the master valve.
4.8.2 TYPE OF CROPS WITH WATER REQUIREMENTS
RICE
* 1000mm to 1500mm for heavy soils or high water table.
* 1500mm to 2000mm for medium soils.
* 2000mm to 2500mm for light soils or deep water table.
* 1600mm for upland conditions.
WHEAT
* 250mm to 400mm in Northern India.
* 500mm to 600mm in Central India.
MAIZE
* 100mm during rainy season.
* 500mm during winter season.
* 900mm during summer season.
SUGARCANE
* 1400mm to 1500mm in Bihar.
* 1600mm to 1700mm in Andhra Pradesh.
* 1700mm to 1800mm in Punjab.
* 2200mm to 2400mm in Madhya Pradesh.
* 2800mm to 3000mm in Maharashtra.
CHAPTER 5
COSTING
5.1 Bill Of Material:
Sr. No. | Name of the Component | Quantity | Unit Cost | Total Cost |
1 | WSN module | 4 | 4500 | 18000 |
2 | GSM module | 1 | 6000 | 6000 |
3 | SHT10 | 1 | 750 | 750 |
4 | Soil Moisture sensor | 1 | – | – |
5 | Solenoid valve | 1 | 300 | 300 |
6 | Battery | 4 | 25 | 100 |
7 | SIM card | 1 | 50 | 50 |
8 | Misc. | | 500 | 500 |
Total | 25,700 |
Table 5.1 Bill Of Materials
CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
6.1 RESULTS
In this project we transferred the readings of temperature, soil moisture and humidity from field nodes to the base node. The air-time of the data is very small, because of which the chances of collision are minimized. Also every node has its own unique address and data pipe, which further reduce the chance of collision. So the nodes are highly effective and accurate.
The cut-off for humidity sensor is 75% and that for soil moisture sensor is 20%. If the reading goes beyond these cut-offs, the readings are sent to the base station and an appropriate action is taken.
While experimenting, we also increased the distance from 5cm to 10m. The data transmission is accurate up to 10m. As we increase the distance beyond 10m, the accuracy decreases. So the nodes should be used within the range of 10m only.
The transmission of data, reception of data, turning ON the valves all are indicated by the LEDs.
The sms is sent to two numbers, (sms can be sent to up to 15 numbers), which does not take much time. Increasing the numbers would take much more time for sending sms, because the congestion would increase. The GSM module when turned ON searches for network, indicated by fast blinking of network LED. Slow blinking of network LED indicates that the network has been searched.
The power consumption of all the nodes is very-very less. So with a standard 9V battery the nodes can work for up to 5 years or more. Because of the sleep mode feature the power consumption is highly reduced. So the farmer won’t have to worry about changing the battery every now and then.
CHAPTER 7
Conclusion
7.1 CONCLUSION
After the experimentations, we have observed that the nodes are very accurate. So the product is almost ready for marketing. We need to design a proper enclosure for all the nodes, so that the transmission of data is not interrupted and the nodes are also protected from water and dust.
Also we need to design a GUI interface so that the product looks much more friendly. The setup of the nodes is not very difficult. Once trained, even a layman can setup the product easily.
If the field is very large then many nodes will be arranged in the field at fixed distance such that the entire irrigation land is covered and all the required data is collected from field nodes and sent to the base station.
CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 FUTURE SCOPE:
In future we will be using the advanced version of nRF24l01, which is nRF24APx. nRF24APx supports true ultra-low power operation. It has typically 15 years of battery lifetime on a coin cell, CR2032 Battery in typical sensor application (Message interval of 2s, 1 hour/day usage (Unidirectional communication)).
It can be configured in different types of networks such as simple, complex, broadcast or shared channel network as shown below.
ANT is a demonstrably superior Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) RF protocol for almost all practical ultralow power networking applications – from simple point-to-point links to complex networks. Embedded in nRF24AP2, it is paired up with Nordic Semiconductor’s market leading 2.4 GHz radio technology. The combination gives high performance-, ultra-low-power network connectivity to applications, and
requires minimal resources in the application’s microcontroller. Less than 1 kB of code space, and an Asynchronous or Synchronous serial interface are all it takes to enable ANT connectivity in any application.
The two nRF24AP2 variants meet the specific requirements of end nodes and central nodes in a network. nRF24AP2-1CH offers one logic communication channel (ANT channel) for end nodes like sensors to connect to data collectors. nRF24AP2-8CH can manage up to eight ANT channels to collect data from multiple sensors.
Figure 8.1 Different ANT Networks
So the battery life of the project will be further increased.
In this project we are measuring only soil moisture, humidity and temperature. In the near future we will also measure many other parameters, such as carbon dioxide given out by the leaf, growth rate of the fruit and stem. Measuring, observing and analyzing these parameters we can investigate the health of the plant to improve it.
Figure 8.2 Sensor for Carbon Dioxide
Figure 8.3 Sensor for measurement of growth rate of fruit
Figure 8.4 Sensor for measurement of growth rate of stem
Figure 8.5 Future Parameters
In future we will also measure other parameters which affect the soil moisture and air humidity. Other parameters measured will be: wind speed, wind direction, rain in mm, soil temperature, sun duration, solar radiation, leaf wetness, ground temperature etc. We will also measure many other parameters. For these parameters appropriate sensors will be used.
The data logger, such as AWS200 or any other can be used for collecting huge amount of data.
Figure 8.6 Future of the Project
In a field there will be many nodes, talking to each other and transferring data, as shown. In this way the data can be sent from one end of the field to the other end of the field, with no limit on the distance and accuracy.
Measuring so many parameters will definitely increase the life and health of the plant.
Details of Project Schedule Plan:
Name of the Activity | Plan (Period) | Status |
Literature Survey | July- September | Complete |
Design / Programming | September- December | Complete |
PCB Development | January | Complete |
Implementation and Testing | February | Complete |
Final Demonstration | March | Complete |
Project Report | March | Complete |
Details of Project Schedule Plan
Project Guide Project Coordinator H.O.D.
Mrs. Prabha Kasliwal Dr. S.S. Sonavane Dr. B.P. Patil
References
[1] Yanden Berg, ”Agriculture Sensors”, Agricultural Society of Agri Engg. USA
[2] Messel, H.Pergamon ,”Solar Energy”, Mc Graw Hill, 3rd Edition, page no:100 to 175
[3] Willard, Merrit and Deon,” Instrumental Methods for Analysis”, Mc Graw Hill, page No: 50 to 69
[4] F. R. Miranda, R. Yoder, and J. B. Wilkerson, “A site-specific irrigation control system,” presented at the ASAE Annu. Int. Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, Jul. 2003,Pp. no. 27–30, Paper No.031129.
[5] Robert G. Evans, and William M. Iversen, ”Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and measurement, VOL. 57, NO. 7, July 2008, Paper No.04457920.
[6] http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/sprinkler00.htm 25/8/2009/11:45am
[7] http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/dripguide.htm 25/8/2009/1:55pm
[8]/http://www.TI%20cart/MSP430™%2016-bit%20Ultra-Low%20Power%20MCUs%20-%20MSP430%20x1xx%208MHz%20Series%20-%20MSP430F149%20-%20TI.htm 05/09/2009/05;50pm.
[9]http://www.project%20files/1.%20crop%20data/Weather%20&%20Crops.htm 15/09/2009/07:00pm
[10] http://www.nordicsemi.no
[11] www.datasheetcatalog.com
[12] http://www.murata.com/
[13] www.microstep-mis.com
[14] www.jains.com
APPENDIX
