EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Emotions have been referred to ‘dynamics of behavior’ which in turn refers to energies or forces that initiate activity. These are dynamic internal adjustments that operate for satisfaction and welfare of individuals. Emotions are deceptive in nature; but they play quite a significant role in guiding and directing our behavior.
Etymologically, the word emotion is derived from the Latin word ‘emovere’ which means ‘to stir up’ or ‘to excite’. Emotion thus can be understood as an agitated or excited state of our mind and body.
Emotions are currents of energy that are within us. These are one’s lifelines to self-awareness and self-preservation that deeply connect one to self and others, and to nature and cosmos.
Some definitions of ‘emotion’ are as under:
Oxford English Dictionary- “Emotion is any agitation or disturbance of mind, of feeling, passion any vehement or excited mental state.’
Woodworth (1945)- “Emotion is a ‘moved’ or ‘stirred-up’ state of an organism. It is a stirred-up state of feeling, that is the way it appears to the individual himself. It is a disturbed muscular and glandular activity, that is the way it appears to an external observer.’
McDougall (1949)- “Emotion is an affective experience that one undergoes during an instinctive excitement.”
Crow and Crow (1973)- “Emotion is an affective experience that accompanies generalized linear adjustment and mental and physiological stirred-up states in the individual and that shows itself in his overt behavior.”
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Thus, emotions can be described as some sort of feelings or affective experiences which are characterized by some physiological changes that generally lead to perform some or the other type of behavioral acts. Emotions inform a person about things that are of utmost importance to him and about the values, activities and needs that lend him motivation, zeal, self-control and persistence.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
emotional intelligence can be considered as the capacity to identify and understand the emotions- one’s own and also of the others; and control and regulate them while dealing with one’s own self and others.
The concept of ‘emotional intelligence’ is quite new and came into existence in early 1990’s. But it finds its roots into the concept of ‘social intelligence’ given by E.L. Thorndike in 1920. After this several other forms of intelligence were found in the field of psychology. Based on the work of Thorndike, a Harvard University psychologist, Howard Gardner (1983) developed the theory of multiple intelligences, wherein he classified intelligence into two categories namely- inter-personal and intrapersonal intelligence. The term ‘emotional intelligence’ was introduced in 1990 by two American University professors Dr. John Mayer and Dr. Peter Salovey. However the credit for popularizing the concept of emotional intelligence goes to another American psychologist Daniel Goleman through his book ‘Emotional Intelligence’ in 1995.
Some definitions of emotional intelligence given by eminent psychologists are as follows:
D. Goleman (1995)- “Emotional intelligence is the ability that includes self-awareness, impulse control, persistence, zeal self-motivation, empathy and social adaptness.”
John Mayer and Peter Salovey (1995)- “Emotional intelligence may be defined as the capacity to reason with emotion in four areas: to perceive emotion, to integrate it in thought, to understand it and to manage it.”
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D. Goleman (1999)- “Emotional intelligence is defined as knowing one’s emotions, managing emotions, motivating oneself, handling relationships and recognizing emotions in others.”
Based on these, we can understand one’s emotional intelligence as an ability helpful in knowing, feeling and judging emotion in close cooperation with one’s thinking process to behave in a proper way, for the ultimate realization of the happiness and welfare of the self in tune with others.
COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
Various theories and models have been given, time to time, for emotional intelligence as described here:
Basic Model (Mayer and Salovey, 1990)
According to Mayer and Salovey, emotional intelligence involves abilities that may be categorized into five domains:
* Self-awareness
* Managing Emotions
* Motivating Oneself
* Empathy
* Handling Relationships
Mixed Model (Goleman, 1995)
This best-known model includes five basic emotional and social competencies:
* Self-awareness
* Self-regulation
* Motivation
* Empathy
* Social Skills
Mental Ability Model (Mayer and Salovey, 1997)
This model describes emotional intelligence in terms of four factors:
* Perception and expression of emotions
* Assimilation of emotion in thought
* Understanding and analyzing emotions
* Reflecting and regulating emotions
Mixed Model (Bar-On, 1997)
This model includes following five areas of skills to evaluate emotional intelligence:
* Intrapersonal Skills
* Inter-personal Skills
* Adaptability Skills
* Stress Management Skills
* General Mood
Hence, based on the above discussion, finally it can be concluded that emotional intelligence includes the ability to-
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i) accurately perceive one’s own emotions and those of others.
ii) exercise mastery over one’s emotions or behavior.
iii) use emotions in making good decisions.
iv) respond appropriately in various life situations.
v) motivate oneself in spite of persistence setbacks and stay hopeful.
vi) select work which is emotionally rewarding thereby avoid self-doubt.
vii) empathize with others.
viii) enter into relationship with honest expression of emotions.
ix) have rapport with others and cooperate with them.
x) balance work, home and recreational life.
