Food Coloring
Brilliant Blue FCF
Brilliant Blue FCF |
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IUPAC name[hide]ethyl – [4 – [ [4 – [ethyl -[(3 – sulfophenyl) methyl] amino] phenyl] – (2 – sulfophenyl) methylidene] – 1 – cyclohexa – 2, 5 – dienylidene] – [(3 – sulfophenyl) methyl] azanium |
Other names[hide]FD&C Blue No.1
Acid Blue 9
D&C Blue No. 4
Alzen Food Blue No. 1
Atracid Blue FG
Erioglaucine
Eriosky blue
Patent Blue AR
Xylene Blue VSG |
Properties |
Molecular formula | C37H34N2Na2O9S3 |
Brilliant Blue FCF (Blue 1), also known under commercial names, is a colorant for foods and other substances to induce a color change. It is denoted by E number E133 and has a color index of 42090. It has the appearance of a reddish-blue powder. It is soluble in water, and the solution has a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometer.
Chemistry
It is a synthetic dye produced using aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum.[1] It can be combined with tartrazine (E102) to produce various shades of green.
It is usually a disodium salt. The diammonium salt has CAS number [2650-18-2]. Calcium and potassium salts are also permitted. It can also appear as an aluminium lake. The chemical formation is C37H34N2Na2O9S3. The dye is poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and 95% of the ingested dye can be found in the feces. It also reacts with certain bile pigments to form green feces.[citation needed]
The Essay on Milk, Food Color, And Dish Soap Lab
Purpose/ Objective: The Purpose of this lab is to find out what happens when food coloring placed in different sorts of milks has dish soap (detergent) added to it. Our objective is to determine what the milk and colors will look like after adding the soap. Hypothesis: After preforming the lab one time through, we are able to hypothesize about what could happen when we change different factors ...
Applications
As a blue color, Brilliant Blue FCF is often found in ice cream, canned processed peas, packet soups, bottled food colorings, icings, ice pops, blue raspberry flavored products, dairy products, sweets and drinks. It is also used in soaps, shampoos, mouthwash and other hygiene and cosmetics applications. In soil science, Brilliant Blue is applied in tracing studies to visualize infiltration and water distribution in the soil.
Health and safety
Brilliant Blue FCF has previously been banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland among others but has been certified as a safe food additive in the EU and is today legal in most of the countries. It has the capacity for inducing an allergic reaction in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma.[4] In the United States production exceeds 1 million pounds annually, and daily consumption is around 16 mg per person.[citation needed] Extensive testing has lead the National Institutes of Health to conclude that color additives do not cause hyperactivity.[5]
Indigo carmine
Indigo carmine |
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IUPAC name3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bis-indolyden-5,5′-disulfonic acid disodium salt |
Other namesindigotine; 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt |
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Properties |
Molecular formula | C16H8N2Na2O8S2 |
Molar mass | 466.36 |
Appearance | purple solid |
Melting point | >300 °C |
Solubility in water | 10 g/L (25 °C) |
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Indigo carmine, or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, also known as indigotine or FD&C Blue #2 is a pH indicator with the chemical formula C16H8N2Na2O8S2. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the USA and the EU.
Uses
Indigo Carmine (pH indicator) |
below pH 11.4 | | above pH 13.0 |
11.4 | ↔ | 13.0 |
The Business plan on Indigo Airlines
IndiGo Airlines – A Case study in International Business Strategy The right thing to do is also the smart thing to do The success of Indigo is a mix of a clear brand promise of “on time” and supported with slick branding and signage, smart technology support and a passionate and young work force who multi-task. About Indigo IndiGo is India’s largest airline with a market share of ...
The primary use of Indigo carmine is as a pH indicator. It is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Indigo carmine is also a redox indicator, turning yellow upon reduction. Another use is as a dissolved ozone indicator[3] through the conversion to isatin-5-sulfonic acid[3]. This reaction has been shown not to be specific to ozone, however: it also detects superoxide, an important distinction in cell physiology.[4]. It is also used as a dye in the manufacturing of capsules, and in obstetrics, Indigo carmine-based dye is used to detect amniotic fluid leaks.
Health concerns
Indigo carmine is harmful to the respiratory tract if inhaled. It is also an irritant to the skin and eyes. Proper laboratory cautions (lab coat, gloves, goggles) are advised.
Fast Green FCF
Fast Green FCF |
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IUPAC nameethyl – [4 – [ [4 – [ethyl -[(3 – sulfophenyl) methyl] amino] phenyl] – (4 – hydroxy – 2 – sulfophenyl) methylidene] – 1 – cyclohexa – 2, 5 – dienylidene] – [(3 – sulfophenyl) methyl] azanium |
Other namesFood green 3,
FD&C Green No. 3,
Green 1724,
Solid Green FCF, and
C.I. 42053 |
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Properties |
Molecular formula | C37H37N2O10S3+ |
Molar mass | 765.89 g/mol |
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Fast Green FCF, also called Food green 3, FD&C Green No. 3, Green 1724, Solid Green FCF, and C.I. 42053, is a sea green triarylmethane food dye.
Fast Green FCF is recommended as a replacement of Light Green SF yellowish in Masson’s trichrome, as its color is more brilliant and less likely to fade. It is used as a quantitative stain for histones at alkaline pH after acid extraction of DNA. It is also used as a protein stain in electrophoresis. Its absorption maximum is at 625 nm.
Fast Green FCF is poorly absorbed by the intestines. [1] Its use as a food dye is prohibited in European Union and some other countries. It can be used for tinned green peas and other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes at level of up to 100 mg/kg. [2] In the United States, Fast Green FCF is the least used of the seven main FDA approved dyes.
The Essay on Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Color
Though often extensive detail may be condemned as mere flowery language, in understanding Sir Gawain and the Green Knight one must make special emphasis on it. In color and imagery itself, the unknown author paints the very fibers of this work, allowing Sir Gawain to discern the nuances of ritualistic chivalry and truth. His quest after the Green Knight is as simple as ones quest toward himself. ...
Toxicology
This substance has been found to have tumorigenic effects in experimental animals, as well as mutagenic effects in both experimental animals and humans. It furthermore risks irritation of eyes, skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract in its undiluted form.[3]
Allura Red AC
Allura Red AC |
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IUPAC namedisodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonate |
Other namesAllura Red, Food Red 17, C.I. 16035, FD&C Red 40, E129, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt |
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Properties |
Molecular formula | C18H14N2Na2O8S2 |
Molar mass | 496.42 g mol−1 |
Appearance | dark red powder |
Melting point | >300°C |
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Allura Red AC is a red azo dye that goes by several names including: Allura Red, Food Red 17, C.I. 16035, FD&C Red 40,[1][2] 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-, disodium salt, and disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonate. It is used as a food dye and has the E number E129. Allura Red AC was originally introduced in the United States as a replacement for the use of amaranth as a food coloring.
It has the appearance of a dark red powder. It usually comes as a sodium salt, but can also be used as both calcium and potassium salts. It is soluble in water; in solution, its maximum absorbance lies at about 504 nm. Its melting point is at >300 degrees Celsius.
Red AC was originally manufactured from coal tar, but is now mostly made from petroleum. Despite the popular misconception, Allura Red AC is not derived from any insect, unlike the food colouring carmine, which is derived from the female cochineal insect.
Health effects
Allura Red AC has fewer health risks associated with it in comparison to other azo dyes. However, some studies have found some adverse health effects that may be associated with the dye.
The Research paper on Color Colors Yellow Red
Research Paper Color is sensed when white light bounces off an object and is reflected into the eye. Objects appear different colors depending on what colors were absorbed and which were reflected. Color is 'seen' by the rods and cones in the eye. Cones detect color and rods detect black, white, and shades of gray. People who cannot see colors properly are colorblind. There are many different ...
Potential behavioral effects
A 2007 report from Southampton University questioned the safety of azo food dyes in three year old and 8-9 year old children. In a 2006 report, the authors had noted it was difficult to eliminate all these dyes without causing nutritional deficiencies.
In response, on 6 September 2007, the British Food Standards Agency revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including E129.
Professor Stevenson, a co-author of both reports, said: “This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.
However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid.”
The following additives were tested in the research:
* Sunset yellow (E110) (FD&C Yellow #6) – coloring found in soft drinks
* Carmoisine (E122) – red coloring in gelatin foods
* Tartrazine (E102) (FD&C Yellow #5) – yellow coloring
* Ponceau 4R (E124) – red coloring
* Sodium benzoate (E211) – preservative
* Quinoline yellow (E104) – food coloring
* Allura red AC (E129) (FD&C Red #40) – orange / red food dye[5]
The study found increased levels of hyperactivity and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and lower IQs were observed in children consuming the chemicals.[6][7] Based on the study, the UK agency advises that cutting certain artificial colors (Sunset Yellow, Carmoisine, Tartrazine, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, and Allura Red) from hyperactive children’s diets might have some beneficial effects.[7]
On 10 April 2008, the Foods Standard Agency called for a voluntary removal of the colors (but not sodium benzoate) by 2009.[8] In addition, it recommended there should be action to phase them out in food and drink in the European Union (EU) over a specified period.[9] The European Food Safety Authority was requested by the UK FSA to review the study, however, and concluded the study provided only limited evidence for a small, statistically significant effect.[citation needed] On the basis of this, EFSA concluded the acceptable daily intake of the colors analyzed in the Southampton study did not need to be altered.[citation needed]
The Term Paper on Color Theory Research Light Colors Red
Color fills our world with beauty. We delight in the colors of a magnificent sunset and in the bright red and golden-yellow leaves of autumn. We are charmed by gorgeous flowering plants and the brilliantly colored arch of a rainbow. We also use color in various ways to add pleasure and interest to our lives. For example, many people choose the colors of their clothes carefully and decorate their ...
UK ministers have agreed that the six colorings will be phased out by 2009.
Erythrosine
Erythrosine |
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IUPAC name2-(6-Hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxo-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid |
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Properties |
Molecular formula | C20H6I4Na2O5 |
Molar mass | 879.86 g/mol |
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Erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, is an organoiodine compound, specifically a derivative of fluorone.
Uses
It is used as a food coloring, in printing inks, as a biological stain, a dental plaque disclosing agent and a radiopaque medium. Erythrosine is commonly used in sweets such as some candies and popsicles, and even more widely used in cake-decorating gels. It is also used to color pistachio shells. As a food additive, it has the E number E127.
Tartrazine
Tartrazine |
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IUPAC name[hide]Trisodium (4E)-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)hydrazono]-3-pyrazolecarboxylate[citation needed] |
Other names[hide]FD&C Yellow 5 |
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Properties |
Molecular formula | C16H9N4Na3O9S2 |
Molar mass | 534.3 g/mol |
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Tartrazine (otherwise known as E number E102, C.I. 19140, or FD&C Yellow 5) is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food coloring. It is water soluble and has a maximum absorbance in an aqueous solution at 427±2 nm.
Tartrazine is a commonly used color all over the world, mainly for yellow, but can also be used with Brilliant Blue FCF (FD&C Blue 1, E133) or Green S (E142) to produce various green shades.
Products containing tartrazine
Foods
Many foods contain tartrazine in varying proportions, depending on the manufacturer or the cook in charge, although nowadays the trend is to avoid it or substitute a non-synthetic dyeing substance such as annatto, malt color, or betacarotene[citation needed] (see Sensitivities & Intolerance, below).
The Essay on Blue Sky, Red Sunset, White Clouds
Not all colors are the result of subtraction and addition of light. Some colors like the blue sky result from the selective scattering of the colors of light by particles in the atmosphere. The color scattered by the particles depends on the size of the particles themselves. BLUE SKY Violet is scattered more than blue; our eyes are not very sensitive to violet. The scattered blue light ...
Products including tartrazine commonly include confectionery, cotton candy, soft drinks (Mountain Dew), energy drinks, instant puddings, flavored corn chips (Doritos, nachos, etc.), cereals (corn flakes, muesli, etc.), cake mixes, pastries, custard powder, yellow popcorn, soups (particularly instant or “cube” soups), sauces, some rices (like paella, risotto, etc.), powdered drink mixes, sports drinks, ice cream, ice pops, candy, Gummy Bears Peeps marshmallow treats, chewing gum, marzipan, jam, jelly (particularly mint jelly), gelatins, marmalade, mustard, horseradish, yogurt, noodles such as Kraft Dinner, pickles and other pickled products such as tartar sauce and dill pickle dip, certain brands of fruit squash, fruit cordial, potato chips, biscuits, and many convenience foods together with glycerin, lemon and honey products.
Sensitivities and intolerance
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Tartrazine appears to cause the most allergic and intolerance reactions of all the azo dyes, particularly among asthmatics and those with an aspirin intolerance. Symptoms from tartrazine sensitivity can occur by either ingestion or cutaneous exposure to a substance containing tartrazine.
A variety of immunologic responses have been attributed to tartrazine ingestion, including anxiety, migraines, clinical depression, blurred vision, itching, general weakness, heatwaves, feeling of suffocation, purple skin patches, and sleep disturbance.
It is not clear to what extent these problems can be specifically linked to tartrazine in affected individuals. The existence of a sensitivity reaction is well-known, but the existence of more extreme effects remain controversial. The incidence of tartrazine intolerance is fairly low as indicated above, and there is much controversy about whether tartrazine has ill effects on individuals who are not clearly intolerant.
Total avoidance is the most common way to deal with tartrazine sensitivity, but progress has been made in reducing people’s tartrazine sensitivity in a study of people who are simultaneously sensitive to both aspirin and tartrazine.
Possible health effects
On September 6, 2007, the British Food Standards Agency revised advice on certain artificial food additives, including tartrazine.
Professor Jim Stevenson from Southampton University, and author of the report, said: “This has been a major study investigating an important area of research. The results suggest that consumption of certain mixtures of artificial food colours and sodium benzoate preservative are associated with increases in hyperactive behaviour in children.
“However, parents should not think that simply taking these additives out of food will prevent hyperactive disorders. We know that many other influences are at work but this at least is one a child can avoid.”
The following additives were tested in the research:
* Sunset yellow (E110) (FD&C Yellow #6) – Coloring found in squashes
* Carmoisine (E122) – Red coloring in jellies
* Tartrazine (E102) (FD&C Yellow #5) – Yellow coloring
* Ponceau 4R (E124) – Red coloring
* Sodium benzoate (E211) – Preservative
* Quinoline yellow (E104) – Food coloring
* Allura red AC (E129) (FD&C Red #40) – Orange / red food dye
Uses
Sunset Yellow is useful in fermented foods which must be heat treated. It may be found in orange sodas, marzipan, Swiss rolls, apricot jam, citrus marmalade, lemon curd, sweets, beverage mix and packet soups, margarine, custard powders, packaged lemon gelatin desserts, energy drinks such as Lucozade, breadcrumbs, snack chips such as Doritos, packaged instant noodles, cheese sauce mixes and powdered marinades, bottled yellow and green food colouring, ice creams, pharmaceutical pills and prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines (especially children’s medicines) cake decorations and icings, squashes, and other products with artificial yellow, orange or red colours.
Sunset Yellow is often used in conjunction with E123, amaranth, to produce a brown colouring in both chocolates and caramel.
At high concentrations, Sunset Yellow in solution with water undergoes a phase change from an isotropic liquid to a nematic liquid crystal. This occurs between 0.8 M and 0.9 M at room temperature.
Possible health effects
Sunset Yellow is a sulfonated version of Sudan I, a possible carcinogen,[citation needed] which is frequently present in it as an impurity. Sunset Yellow itself may be responsible for causing an allergic reaction in people with an aspirin intolerance,[3] resulting in various symptoms, including gastric upset, diarrhea, vomiting, nettle rash (urticaria), swelling of the skin (angioedema) and migraines.[4] The colouring has also been linked to hyperactivity in young children.[5]
