ACKNOLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without Mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success.
I offer my sincere thanks to Chairman, Mr. Ashutosh Agrawal Director Mr. Aditya Vijjan, Mr. Harendra singh, Center technical Head of Hclcdc Bareilly (UP), for suggesting and helping us in taking up the project work.
I am thankful to Mr. Aditya Vijjan for giving us an opportunity to work on the project as a part of the summer training B.TECH (C.S.) curriculum.
I am grateful to my project guide for the guidance, Mr. Harendra Singh inspiration and constructive suggestions that helped us in the preparation and execution of this manuscript.
I would also express my thanks to colleagues and people who have helped in successful completion of the project.
Frame relay:-
Frame Relay is actually a group of separate standards, including those from ITU-T and ANSI. Interestingly enough, Frame Relay defines only the interaction between the Frame Relay customer premises equipment (CPE) and the Frame Relay carrier switch. The connection across the carrier’s network is not defined by the Frame Relay standards. Most carriers, however, use Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as a transport to move Frame Relay frames between different sites.
Frame Relay is connection-oriented: a layer 2 connection must be established before information can be sent to a remote device. The connections used by Frame Relay are provided by virtual circuits (VCs).
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A VC is a logical connection between two devices; therefore, many VCs can exist on the same physical interface.JE
By default, Frame Relay is classified as a non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) network, meaning it doesn’t send any broadcasts like RIP updates across the network.
* Introduction to Frame Relay Technology:-
1-It is a packet switching technology or can say as frame switching method.
2-It is more cost effective than point to point link.
3-Frame relay provides features for dynamic bandwidth allocation.
4- Frame relay networks are multi-access networks.
5-It defines the process of sending data over a public network.
6-routers use the DLCI (data link connection identifier) as the frame relay address.
7-Frame relay operates at a higher speed (1.544 Mbps and recently 44.376 Mbps).
This means that it can easily be used instead of a mesh of T 1 or T 3 lines.
8- Frame relay just operates on physical and data link layers. It can easily be used as a backbone network to provide services to protocols that already have a network layer protocol.
9- Frame relay allow bursty data.
10-Frame relay allows a frame size of 9000 bytes, which can accommodate all local area network frame size.
11-Frame relay provides permanent virtual circuits (PVC) and switched virtual circuit (SVC).
12-Before the frame relay technology X.25 switching network was used. It performs switching at network layer.
13-Frame Relay uses a subset of the high-level data link control (HDLC) protocol called Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay (LAPF).
14-Frames carry data between user devices called data terminal equipment (DTE), and the data communications equipment (DCE) at the edge of the WAN.
15- A Frame Relay network may be privately owned, but it is more commonly provided as a service by a public carrier.
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... routers. The removal of the excess data packets by the routers decreases the time required to transfer that data. If networks ... intra switch trunks (usually fiber optic) that relay addressed packets of information between them.Once the ... into an Ethernet frame. In each step information about data and error control data is added to ... with a male plug on the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a female plug ...
16- It typically consists of many geographically scattered Frame Relay switches interconnected by trunk lines.
17- Frame Relay is often used to interconnect LANs. When this is the case, a router on each LAN will be the DTE.
18- A serial connection, such as a T1/E1 leased line, will connect the router to a Frame Relay switch of the carrier at the nearest point-of-presence for the carrier. (access circuit)
Access circuit
Network before frame relay:-
In the above figure routers within the WAN are connected without frame relay switch, since we know routers have DTE end connections so there is no DCE end.
When a frame relay switch is connected in between the routers and we know frame relay is DCE end so each router has one DTE and another DTE end. Now we can allocate dynamic bandwidth.
Network with frame relay:-
In the figure Statistically multiplexing multiple logical circuits over a single physical connection
* Frame Relay vs. X.25:-
1-Frame Relay does not have the sequencing, windowing, and retransmission mechanisms that are used by X.25.
2- Without the overhead, the streamlined operation of Frame Relay outperforms X.25.
3- Typical speeds range from 56 kbps up to 2 Mbps, although higher speeds are possible. (Up to 45 Mbps)
4- Typical speeds range from 56 kbps up to 2 Mbps, although higher speeds are possible. (Up to 45 Mbps)
5- Because it was designed to operate on high-quality digital lines, Frame Relay provides no error recovery mechanism.
6- If there is an error in a frame it is discarded without notification.
* Terminology used in Frame realy:-
1-LMI (local management interface):-
This defines how the DTE (the router or other Frame Relay device) interacts with the DCE (the Frame Relay switch).
* LMI is a signaling standard between
the DTE and the Frame Relay switch.
* LMI is responsible for managing the connection and maintaining
the status between devices.
* LMI includes:
* A keepalive mechanism, which verifies that data is flowing
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fFRAME RELAY Frame Relay was standardised initially in 1990, leaving the remaining to be standardised in 1991 by both ANSI and the ITU-T [7]. What it is: Frame Relay is a packet switched connection orientated network. It is in the physical and data link layer of the OSI model. It is a virtual connection between devises, it can transmit data, video and voice this is done via frames and it supports ...
* A multicast mechanism, which provides the network server (router) with its local DLCI.
* The multicast addressing, which can give DLCIs global rather than local significance in Frame Relay networks (not common).
* A status mechanism, which provides an ongoing status on the DLCIs known to the switch
2-DLCI (data link connection identifier):-
This value is used to uniquely identify each VC on a physical interface: it’is the address of the VC. Using DLCIs, you can multiplex traffic for multiple destinations on a single physical interface. DLCIs are locally significant and can change on a segment-by segment basis. In other words, the DLCI that your router uses to get to a remote destination might be 45, but the destination might be using 54 to return the traffic—and yet it’s the same VC. The Frame Relay switch will do a translation between the DLCIs when it is switching frames between segments. This is similar to the use of MAC addresses in layer 3 networks.
DLCI
3-Access rate:- This is the speed of the physical connection (such as a T1) between your router and the Frame Relay switch.
5-FECN (forward explicit congestion notification):- This value in the Frame Relay frame header is set by the carrier switch(typically) to indicate congestion inside the carrier network to the destination device at the end of the VC; the carrier may be doing this to your traffic as it is on its way to its destination.
6-BECN (backward explicit congestion notification):- This value is set by the destination DTE (Frame Relay device) in the header of the Frame Relay frame to indicate congestion (from the source to the destination) to the source of the Frame Relay frames (the source DTE, the router).
Sometimes the carrier switches can generate BECN frames in the backward direction to the source to speed up the congestion notification process. The source can then adapt its rate on the VC appropriately.
7-Oversubscription – Oversubscription is when the sum of the CIRs on all the VCs exceeds the access line speed.
* Oversubscription can also occur when the access line can support the sum of CIRs purchased, but not of the CIRs plus the bursting capacities of the VCs.
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* Oversubscription increases the likelihood that packets will be dropped.
8-Committed burst (Bc) – The maximum number of bits that the switch agrees to transfer during any Tc.
* The higher the Bc-to-CIR ratio, the longer the switch can handle a sustained burst.
* For example, if the Tc is 2 seconds and the CIR is 32 kbps, the Bc is 64 kbps.
* The Tc calculation is Tc = Bc/CIR.
9-Committed Information Rate (CIR) – This is the rate, in bits per second, at which the Frame Relay switch agrees to transfer data.
* The rate is usually averaged over a period of time, referred to as the committed rate measurement interval (Tc).
* In general, the duration of Tc is proportional to the “burstiness” of the traffic.
10-Excess burst (Be) – This is the maximum number of uncommitted bits that the Frame Relay switch attempts to transfer beyond the CIR.
* Excessive Burst (Be) is dependent on the service offerings available from your vendor, but it is typically limited to the port speed of the local access loop.
11-Excess Information Rate (EIR) – This defines the maximum bandwidth available to the customer, which is the CIR plus the Be.
* Typically, the EIR is set to the local access rate.
* In the event the provider sets the EIR to be lower than the local access rate, all frames beyond that maximum can be discarded automatically, even if there is no congestion.
12-Discard eligibility (DE) bit – When the router or switch detects network congestion, it can mark the packet “Discard Eligible”.
* The DE bit is set on the traffic that was received after the CIR was met.
* These packets are normally delivered. However, in periods of congestion, the Frame Relay switch will drop packets with the DE bit set first.
13-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment):-
a- DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically are located on the premises of the customer.
b- The customer may also own this equipment.
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c- Examples of DTE devices are routers and Frame Relay Access Devices (FRADs).
d- A FRAD is a specialized device designed to provide a connection between a LAN and a Frame Relay WAN.
14- Equipment DCE – Data Communications:-
a- DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices.
b- The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking and switching services in a network.
c- In most cases, these are packet switches, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN.
d- The connection between the customer and the service provider is known as the User-to-Network Interface (UNI).
e- The Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) is used to describe how Frame Relay networks from different providers connect to each other.
15-Switched virtual circuit (SVC):-
An SVC between the same two DTEs may change.
* The connection through the Frame Relay network between two DTEs is called a virtual circuit (VC).
* Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are Virtual circuits may be established dynamically by sending signaling messages to the network.
* However, SVCs are not very common.
16-Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs):-
A PVC between the same two DTEs will always be the same
* Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are more common.
* PVC are VCs that have been preconfigured by the carrier are used.
* The switching information for a VC is stored in the memory of the switch.
* Access Circuits and Cost Savings:-
* The FRAD or router connected to the Frame Relay network may have multiple virtual circuits connecting it to various end points.
* This makes it a very cost-effective replacement for a full mesh of access lines.
* Each end point needs only a single access line and interface.
* More savings arise as the capacity of the access line is based on the average bandwidth requirement of the virtual circuits, rather than on the maximum bandwidth requirement.
* Note: Also do not have to pay for leased line between two sites even when no traffic is being sent.
* IETF Frame Relay Frame:-
* Cisco routers support two types of Frame Relay headers.
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* Cisco, which is a 4-byte header.
* IETF, which is a 2-byte header that conforms to the IETF standards.
* The Cisco proprietary 4-byte header is the default and cannot be used if the router is connected to another vendor’s equipment across a Frame Relay network.
Frame relay frame
* Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control:-
* Local access rate – This is the clock speed or port speed of the connection or local loop to the Frame Relay cloud.
* It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network, regardless of other settings.
* Committed Information Rate (CIR) – This is the rate, in bits per second, at which the Frame Relay switch agrees to transfer data.
* The rate is usually averaged over a period of time, referred to as the committed rate measurement interval (Tc).
* In general, the duration of Tc is proportional to the “burstiness” of the traffic.
* Oversubscription – Oversubscription is when the sum of the CIRs on all the VCs exceeds the access line speed.
* Oversubscription can also occur when the access line can support the sum of CIRs purchased, but not of the CIRs plus the bursting capacities of the VCs.
* Oversubscription increases the likelihood that packets will be dropped.
*
* Committed burst (Bc) – The maximum number of bits that the switch agrees to transfer during any Tc.
* The higher the Bc-to-CIR ratio, the longer the switch can handle a sustained burst.
* For example, if the Tc is 2 seconds and the CIR is 32 kbps, the Bc is 64 kbps.
* The Tc calculation is Tc = Bc/CIR.
* Committed Time Interval (Tc) – Tc is not a recurrent time interval. It is used strictly to measure inbound data, during which time it acts like a sliding window. Inbound data triggers the Tc interval.
* Frame Relay bandwidth:-
* Typically, the higher the CIR, the higher the cost of service.
* Customers can choose the CIR that is most appropriate to their bandwidth needs, as long as the CIR is less than or equal to the local access rate.
* If the CIR of the customer is less than the local access rate, the customer and provider agree on whether bursting above the CIR is allowed.
* If the local access rate is T1 or 1.544 Mbps, and the CIR is 768 Kbps, half of the potential bandwidth (as determined by the local access rate) remains available.
* Many providers allow their customers to purchase a CIR of 0 (zero).
* This means that the provider does not guarantee any throughput.
* In practice, customers usually find that their provider allows them to burst over the 0 (zero) CIR virtually all of the time.
* If a CIR of 0 (zero) is purchased, carefully monitor performance in order to determine whether or not it is acceptable.
* Frame Relay allows a customer and provider to agree that under certain circumstances, the customer can “burst” over the CIR.
* Since burst traffic is in excess of the CIR, the provider does not guarantee that it will deliver the frames.
