Contactless thin adaptive mirror technology: past, present and future
Roberto Biasi a, Daniele Gallieni b
Piero Salinaric, Armando Riccardic
Paolo Mantegazza d
a Microgate S.r.l. – Italy
b A.D.S. International S.r.l. – Italy
c Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri – Italy
d Dipartimento di ingegneria aerospaziale – Politecnico di Milano – Italy
ABSTRACT
The contactless, voice coil motor adaptive mirror technology starts from an idea by Piero Salinari in 1993. This idea has progressively evolved to real systems thanks to a fruitful collaboration involving Italian research institutes (INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri and Aerospace Department of Politecnico di Milano) and small Italian enterprises (Microgate and ADS).
Collaboration between research institutions and industry is still very effectively in place, but nowadays the technology has left the initial R&D phase reaching a stage in which the whole projects are managed by the industrial entities. In this paper we present the baseline concept and its evolution, describing the main progress milestones. These are paced by the actual implementation of this idea into real systems, from MMT, to LBT, Magellan, VLT, GMT and E-ELT. The fundamental concept and layout has remained unchanged through this evolution, maintaining its intrinsic advantages: tolerance to actuators’ failures, mechanical de-coupling and relaxed tolerances between correcting mirror and reference structure, large stroke, hysteresis-free behavior. Moreover, this concept has proved its expandability to very large systems with thousands of controlled d.o.f. Notwithstanding the solidity of the fundamentals, the implementation has strongly evolved from the beginning, in order to deal with the dimensional, power, maintainability and reliability constraints imposed by the increased size of the targeted systems.
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Keywords: adaptive optics, adaptive mirrors, deformable mirrors, adaptive secondary, voice-coil, massive control.
Further author information: [email protected], +39-0471-501532
1 INTRODUCTION
The voice-coil based, contactless adaptive mirror has been conceived by Piero Salinari in 1993 [1]. His main goal was the development of an adaptive secondary for the Large Binocular Telescope, but it became clearly evident that the implementation of the new idea was very challenging, setting demanding requirements on several engineering fields. In fact, this technology involves multidisciplinary skills and engineering problems, from mechanics, to electronics, control systems, mechanics, fluid-dynamics and optical manufacturing.
In this paper we go though the main milestones that have accompanied the development of this technology, from the early prototypes to the current systems dedicated to the 8m-class telescopes, like LBT and VLT. We also discuss the recent advancements in the design of the adaptive units for the GMT and the E-ELT extremely large telescopes, where the intrinsic advantages of this technique are particularly evident. Finally, we analyze pros and cons of this technology and explain the development roadmap to further improve it in terms of performance, reliability and maintainability.
2 MOTIVATION FOR LARGE ADAPTIVE MIRRORS
Large adaptive mirrors, usually implemented as the secondary mirror of the telescope, have significant advantages with respect to other adaptive optics layouts, mainly because of the reduced number of elements in the light path. The correction is performed on a mirror that is anyway present in the telescope. This is a clear advantage, allowing to eliminate typically 5 additional mirror that are needed by other smaller size correctors placed at the focal plane of the telescope. The straightforward consequence of such optimization is clearly in the increased transmission throughput. Additionally, the backgorund emission is also reduced, with a clear benefit for infrared observation. This technology also allows a simplified feed to the wavefront sensor, leading to a reduction of the non-common path aberration that can be particularly advantageous for high contrast diffraction limited observation, e.g. for extra-solar planet imaging. Depending on the conjugation of the secondary mirror, this layout is particularly suited for Ground Layer AO correction.
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3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
In our technology, a thin, continuous facesheet mirror is massively controlled in shape and position by a large number of voice coil motors. These are realized by gluing high efficiency magnets on the non-optical (rear) surface of the mirror. The actuators coils are facing the magnets, not being in contact with them. This configuration is non-optimal in terms of reluctance of the magnetic circuit, and this affects adversely also the thermal efficiency of the motor. However, it provides large alignment tolerances, of the order of few tenths of millimeter, on the relative position between coil and magnet. Both the magnets and the coils have been optimized to get the maximum efficiency out of this layout.
Since we are employing force motors, but ultimately the actuators have to be commanded in position, we need a measurement of the shell position, co-located with the actuator. This information is provided by contactless capacitive sensors measuring the gap between the thin shell and the massive and stiff reference body. The digital control loop is implemented by means of a high throughput, dedicated mixed signal electronics places very close to the mirror assembly. This is required both by noise pick-up and signal integrity considerations, but also allows a great simplification of the cable harnessing, providing a very simple data and power system interface.
Figure 1 – Main system components and principle of operation.
3.1 control system
Turning the force actuators into position ones requires to close a position loop. This is obtained by means of a co-located control scheme: the position command for the specific actuator is received from the Real Time Reconstructor (RTC) and compared with the reading of the capacitive sensor that measures the gap between shell and reference body. The derived error information is fed into a proportional controller. An additional velocity loop provides the damping required to mitigate the effect of high frequency (uncontrolled) modes. In fact, the shell can be considered as an highly coupled mechanical system with a very large modal density. Cancellation techniques are not applicable because of this large density, and a full global scheme appears to be challenging even with modern computational power, due to the large information exchange required. Therefore, a local digital control is the most convenient solution. The adopted control loop frequency, of the order of 70~100kHz, together with the bandwidth of the other components, in particular capacitive sensor and coil current drive, provide the band required to avoid high frequency spillover.
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Figure 2 – Control system block diagram
The proportional gain is limited by the closed loop stability, so in order to increase the dynamic response and also to minimize the regime error for stiff modes, a global feedforward technique is used. The forces required to set statically the shell to the commanded shape are computed every time the position command is updated and added to the closed loop control forces. This requires an accurate estimate of the ‘stiffness’ matrix relating the actuator forces to the gap measurements. Such acquisition is performed off-line and has proved to be very stable over time. The real-time computation of the forces is a quite heavy task, being of the order of n2, where n is the number of actuators controlling a single shell, and considering that the computation has to be completed within 100~150μs including data transfer.
4 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY AND MAIN PAST/PRESENT PROJECTS
The idea by P.Salinari in 1993 triggered a number of parallel design and numerical simulation activities to address the challenging problem of massive magnetic levitation. In this frame, the group that is still now carrying ahead the project started to team up: Osservatorio di Arcetri for all conceptual, system and scientific advisory aspects, Aerospace Department of Politecnico di Milano dealing with control laws design and simulation, and the small industrial partners Microgate and ADS being responsible for electronics and mechanics design and implementation respectively.
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4.1 Early prototypes
A very effective brainstorming among the group partners lead to define the above described system layout, that has remained substantially unchanged from the beginning. To prove the encouraging simulation results, we started building a
very basic prototype with thirty actuators, called P30. It was aimed to proof the concept at minimal cost, and the goal was well reached: it was possible to flatten the shell (made by Steward Observatory Mirror Lab) under an interferometer and also to show the dynamic capability of the novel technology. The study was conducted in a competitive way, with a second prototype being built by an US company, but the results obtained by the Italian group were significantly better. On this base, the University of Arizona granted a contract to manufacture the MMT adaptive mirror to our team, at that time including also Media Lario Srl.
In parallel with the MMT adaptive secondary design phase, a more advanced, 36-actuators pre-production prototype (called P36) was built to test all major components. In 1999, this unit met substantially the specifications, reaching 43nm rms WF flattening and ~1ms settling time.
Figure 3 – P30, the first 30 actuators prototype, and P36, the pre-production prototype of the MMT adaptive secondary
4.2 MMT336 Adaptive Secondary
The MMT336 is the first adaptive secondary unit ever built. Its 0.64m diameter, 1.9mm thick convex aspheric shell manufactured by MirrorLab (University of Arizona, Tucson) is controlled by 336 actuators comprehending also the sensitive capacitive sensors analog amplifiers. The dedicated control electronics is based on 42 control boards each equipped with 4 integer DSPs and controlling 8 channels. The board embeds also the capacitive sensor acquisition and the voice coil motor drivers. Moreover, it implements a powerful diagnostic capable of storing in real time at the local control loop speed any information related to the control system. Multipole cables connect each actuator with the control board, leading to a quite complex harnessing.
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Figure 4 – The MMT336 is the first adaptive secondary unit ever built. First closed loop results
The unit has been electromechanically accepted in year 2000. These electromechanical tests are a very important verification point where all system performances, but the optical ones, are measured. This is done in a totally autonomous way by means of the embedded metrology and diagnostic tools, so this activity does not require any external instrument or facility, apart from an acquisition and post-processing workstation. The information derived cover all dynamic aspects (step response, transfer function, delay error while ‘playing’ a simulated turbulence, …).
This autonomous testing capability is a dramatic advantage for the project planning and deployment, providing a way of clearly splitting the dynamic and functional tests with the optical ones.
In 2002 the unit has stated operation at the MMT on mount Hopkins, AZ. The MMT336 is still in operation and no major operational problems are reported.
4.3 LBT672 and MMT585 Adaptive Secondary Units
After the MMT336 was finished, two identical units were built for the Large Binocular Telescope, each with 672 actuators and a 0.91m diameter, 1.6mm thick concave shell. A third almost identical unit, with a slightly smaller shell has been integrated for the Magellan Baade telescope. Compared to the LBT adaptive secondaries, this unit does not make use of the outermost ring of actuators. As for the MMT336, both the reference body and thin shell were manufactured by University of Arizona Mirror Lab. While adopting exactly the same concept, these new units implement very significant differences motivated both by ‘learned lessons’ on the MMT and by different system requirements:
• new actuator mounting, with accessibility from the shell side, and significantly easier actuator mounting/dismounting. The front side accessibility has been chosen assuming that the replacement of any failed actuator can be postponed until the next planned maintenance activity requiring the shell removal. This is made possible by the fact that the system, thanks to its contactless technology, is very well tolerant to the failure of few actuators, up to some percent;
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• distribution boards concept: printed circuit boards installed on the top of the cold plate distribute the actuators signals so that the connection to the DSP control boards is made by flat cables grouping eight actuators each. This provided a dramatic simplification of the cable harness and improvement of system maintainability;
• new electronics and in particular DSP control boards. The new boards are equipped with two powerful floating point DSPs, for a total computational power exceeding 80 GMAC/s in floating point, sustained. This has been required by the demanded global control computational throughput, but allowed a very efficient on-board implementation of the Real Time Reconstructor, with MIMO IIR filtering capabilities up to 2 poles and 2 zeros;
• more efficient permanent magnets, with polarization of their field on the coil size given by a central axially polarized magnet (not present in the MMT336 design) added to the eight radial polarized petals glued around it;
• bias magnets were introduced in order to keep the shell against the reference body when the system is not operated. Moreover, a Thin Shell Safety system pulls actively the shell with higher force when the control loop is not closed in presence of strong wind, that could eventually pull the shell apart from the reference body.
All these new features were extensively tested on a pre-production unit with 45 actuators, called P45, before starting the manufacturing and integration of the final units.
Figure 5 – Left: P45, the pre-production prototype for the LBT adaptive secondary mirrors. Right: the first LBT672 unit
The first LBT672 has been installed on the telescope in March 2010, after extensive optical testing [10]. In June 2010, the adaptive secondary in combination with the novel Pyramid wavefront sensor, obtained astonishing first light results [9].
The second LBT672 is now in the optical test phase and is planned to be installed at the telescope in Q4 2010, while the Magellan unit has completed the electromechanical acceptance in June 2010 and will start optical tests in Q3 2010.
Figure 6 – LBT672 reflected by one of the LBT primaries and First Light Adaptive Optics (FLAO) 80% Strehl image in H
4.4 VLT Deformable Secondary Mirror
The VLT Deformable Secondary Mirror, being one of the major components of the ESO Adaptive Optics Facility [8], has started the Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration and Test phase in February 2008, with Microgate and ADS (respectively prime contractor and nominated subcontractor) endorsing the full responsibility of the manufacturing and
test activities, including optical test. The adaptive unit has 1170 actuators acting on a 1.12m diameter, 1.95mm thick shell.
Again, the core of the technology has been kept unaltered but additional significant improvements have been introduced:
• the hexapod positioning system is directly connected to the coldplate, thus enhancing significantly the system stiffness thanks to the reduced ‘pendulum’ masses;
• a new generation of DSP control boards, being compatible with the LBT interfaces, has been introduced. The new electronics features high efficiency switching coil drivers that have remarkably reduced the power consumption. Moreover, each board controls 16 actuators, thus halving the cable necessary to connect the control units to the distribution boards.
Figure 7 – VLT Deformable Secondary Mirror: 1170 actuators, 1.12m diameter and 1.95mm thick shell
Figure 8 – Main components: Adopt 16ch DSP control board (Microgate), hexapod leg (ADS), reference body (SESO)
The unit is currently in advanced manufacturing stage. All mechanical and electronic components have been assembled and are currently undergoing the modular tests. The highly lightweighted Zerodur reference body has almost completed the manufacturing phase at SESO (Aix en Provence – France).
The convex thin shell is being manufactured by Safran-Sagem (Paris – France).
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 -10123456 x 10-6 Mode #20 – Mode Amplitude Time [ms] Amplitude [m] -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.10 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 20 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 00.1 0.2 0.3
Besides the main components, a pre-production prototype has been extensively tested to verify the performance of the new components, in particular the actuators and the novel control boards. Performances are comparable or better with respect to the ‘typical’ LBT ones. In particular, we demonstrated that the settling time (go and stay within 10% of final command) is
Figure 9 – VLT DSM pre-production prototype response (mode 20) and modal shape
5 MOVING TOWARDS THE ELTS
Several key factors make our technology particularly suitable for very large adaptive units with several thousands of actuators. First of all, the very limited impact on performance when few actuators are not working, thanks to the contactless technology, is a critical advantage, considering that it is realistically quite unlikely, regardless of the adopted technology, that all actuators work to specification at same time. Second, the large stroke provided by this technology, of the order of 100μm, is needed to implement the field stabilization and adaptive optics tip-tilt on extremely large telescopes. Moreover, the availability of a stable on-board metrology together with hysteresis-free operation allow to operate in seeing limited non-AO modes, where the mirror is expected to keep its ‘flat’ condition over long time. The same stability opens the way to segmentation of the large adaptive unit.
We are currently in the design phase of the adaptive units for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and of the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT).
5.1 GMT Adaptive Secondary Mirror
The GMT telescope is based on a segmented gregorian design: seven circular primary mirrors, one on-axis and six off-axis are directly conjugated to a segmented secondary with identical layout.
The adaptive secondary segments have 1.06m diameter and a 2mm thick concave shell. ADS/Microgate have recently completed the Phase A study [12] covering all design aspects from mechanics, to control, simulation and optical specifications. By specific request of GMTO, the design has been largely based on existing units. In particular, the VLT DSM was taken as “our” state-of-the-art reference for the GMT ASM. Thanks to the segmented design, the individual segments are well aligned with the present technology and they don’t pose particular challenges.
Each segment has 672 actuators. This number has been chosen upon the result of a trade-off analysis taking into account performance, reliability, development risks and costs. The actuator pitch is significantly larger than in the previous units, 36mm compared to the ‘usual’ 29~30mm. The verification of the impact of such change on system controllability and dynamic performance has been investigated by means of a sophisticated simulation code continuously developed along
the projects by the Aerospace Department of Politecnico di Milano by a research group led by P.Mantegazza. The full-comprehensive simulation is based on a state space model including the structure (through a representative modal reduction derived from an accurate Finite Element Model), the control system with sensor and actuator noises and non linearity, and also the fluid-dynamic of the air trapped between the reference body and the thin shell. The results indicate that the different pitch can be managed by the present control architecture leading to comparable results with respect to the present systems.
Another significant difference with respect to the current systems is the strong aspheric shape of the off-axis units, that require both the inner face of the shell and the reference body to by figured aspherically.
The off-axis units are significantly tilted. To simplify the holding structure design, we conceived an asymmetric hexapod that holds the adaptive units with the proper inclination. Moreover, specific design of the outermost actuators was needed to fit the regular actuators pattern up to the external diameter of the off-axis units.
Figure 10 – GMT ASM assembly
Figure 11 – GMT ASM: exploded view of one segment
5.2 E-ELT M4 Adaptive Unit
In the frame of the E-ELT design, ESO has assigned two identical competitive contracts for the Phase B study of the M4 adaptive unit. One of the contracts has been granted to a group led by Microgate with ADS, Safran-Sagem and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Brera being partners of the design team.
The study has been recently successfully completed. In our design, the 2.6×2.5m elliptic flat mirror is referenced to a monolithic reference body and controlled by 6348 actuators, 5928 of which being in the optical path.
The reference body fine positioning is obtained by means of a very large and stiff hexapod designed on base of the successful hexapod delivered by ADS for the FermiLab DeCAM project on the Blanco telescope. A rotating stage allows to reposition the unit in order to feed the two Nasmith foci. In this way the hexapod stroke can be limited with great benefit in terms of stiffness and accuracy.
Two alternative designs of the reference body itself has been studied for this application, being made of silicon carbide and carbon fiber respectively.
The size of the monolithic reference body and the large number of actuators forced us to reconsider the present ‘typical’ configuration, introduction deep modifications while still keeping the same operating principle. In the M4 design, the reference body acts also as supporting structure for the actuators and control system. The actuators are grouped into bricks comprehending typically ~30 actuators. On each brick, we have implemented all functions required by the local control loop. Capacitive sensor acquisition, voice coil drivers, digital control, power supply and communication are all hosted on the brick, which structure also acts as ‘cold plate’ removing the heat generated locally. To reduce power consumption, reduce size and also improve control performances all digital functions are performed by a single FPGA. According to this concept, the brick is a Line Replaceable Unit with very clean and simple interfaces. This improves dramatically the maintenance concept: bricks can be substituted without removing the thin shell. Moreover, being the system tolerant against single actuator failures, the brick replacement, if necessary, might occur only at scheduled maintenance.
Figure 12 – E-ELT M4 Adaptive Unit
In the frame of the Phase B study we have developed and successfully tested a quite large prototype with 330 actuators, being fully representative of the final implementation. The prototype reference body is a cut-out of the final reference structure, and the bricks were designed and implemented to be compatible with the final unit. The prototype has been fully characterized electromechanically. The ‘usual’ performances obtained by the other systems were not yet met because of some well understood ‘youth’ problem, which is not surprising considering the large development effort and the short given time.
Figure 13 – E-ELT M4 brick Line Replaceable Unit and M4 Demonstration Prototype
After the electromechanical tests, we validated the optical performances, demonstrating 18nm rms WF flattening over two independent shell segments. We also proved the co-phasing capability and its long term and temperature stability.
18 nm rms
Figure 14 – E-ELT M4 demonstration Prototype optical tests results
These test results are fully supporting our baseline design, that is based on a segmented solution with six identical 2mm thick petals. However, the electromechanical design is fully compatible also with a monolithic shell design. In the frame of the same design study, Safran-Sagem is completing the thinning of a full scale monolithic shell demonstrator.
6 TECHNOLOGY PROS, CONS AND DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP
In this section we summarize the pros and cons of our contactless technology. All considerations are based on the experience we gained along the development and construction of the adaptive units presented in the previous sections. Advantage Rationale Proof
Tolerant vs. failures of some actuators (up to few %) with minimum performance limitation Contactless technology: off actuators simply follow the surrounding ones MMT and LBT672a are currently operating with ~4% of not used actuators, still reaching optimal performance
Tolerant to different CTE and/or dimensional mismatch between reference structure and shell (up to few tenths of mm) Contactless technology: actuators can operate if misaligned with magnets. Capacitive sensor insensitive to in-plane motion All existing systems
In non-AO operation acts as a rigid mirror Accurate and stable embedded metrology (capacitive sensors)
Substantially hysteresis free Seeing limited operation of MMT and LBT units. Optical tests on MMT, LBT, E-ELT M4 DP
Compatible with segmentation Accurate and stable embedded metrology (capacitive sensors) enables open loop co-phasing E-ELT M4 DP optical tests proved co-phasing stability
Maintainability Single actuators’ failures can be handled at next scheduled maintenance. Very limited unplanned maintenance MMT and LBT operation.
E-ELT proposed maintenance concept.
