EXAM 3A
1.|The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on:|
A)|proactive interference.|
B)|memory.|
C)|the serial position effect.|
D)|visual encoding.|
2.|The process of encoding refers to:|
A)|a clear memory of an emotionally significant event.|
B)|getting information into memory.|
C)|the persistence of learning over time.|
D)|the recall of information previously learned.|
3.|The process of getting information out of memory is called:|
A)|rehearsal.|
B)|retrieval.|
C)|encoding.|
D)|relearning.|
4.|Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.|
A)|mood-congruent|
B)|explicit|
C)|implicit|
D)|short-term|
5.|Automatic processing occurs without:|
A)|long-term potentiation.|
B)|conscious awareness.|
C)|iconic memory.|
D)|semantic encoding.|
6.|The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory is called:|
A)|priming.|
B)|automatic processing.|
C)|chunking.|
D)|rehearsal.|
7.|The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.|
A)|spacing|
B)|imagination|
C)|serial position|
D)|misinformation|
8.|Semantic encoding refers to the processing of:|
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A)|unfamiliar units.|
B)|sounds.|
C)|meanings.|
D)|visual images.|
9.|A mnemonic device is a:|
A)|test or measure of memory.|
B)|memory aid.|
C)|sensory memory.|
D)|technique for automatic processing.|
10.|Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of:|
A)|rosy retrospection.|
B)|the “peg-word” system.|
C)|implicit memory.|
D)|the spacing effect.|
11.|Chunking refers to:|
A)|the unconscious encoding of incidental information.|
B)|the tendency to recall best the first item in a list.|
C)|the organization of information into meaningful units.|
D)|getting information into memory through the use of visual imagery.|
12.|A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli is called ________ memory.|
A)|implicit|
B)|flashbulb|
C)|echoic|
D)|iconic|
13.|Echoic memory refers to:|
A)|a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.|
B)|the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.|
C)|a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.|
D)|the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory.|
14.|“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.|
A)|flashbulb|
B)|short-term|
C)|implicit|
D)|explicit|
15.|Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?|
A)|short-term memory|
B)|iconic memory|
C)|echoic memory|
D)|long-term memory|
16.|The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as:|
A)|proactive interference.|
B)|long-term potentiation.|
C)|chunking.|
D)|automatic processing.|
17.|Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather’s unexpected death. This best illustrates:|
A)|proactive interference.|
B)|the serial position effect.|
C)|sensory memory.|
D)|flashbulb memory.|
18.|A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.|
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A)|flashbulb|
B)|implicit|
C)|state-dependent|
D)|short-term|
19.|The hippocampus plays a critical role in ________ memory.|
A)|implicit|
B)|iconic|
C)|explicit|
D)|echoic|
20.|Memories are primed by:|
A)|retrieval cues.|
B)|retroactive interference.|
C)|source amnesia.|
D)|repression.|
21.|Déjà vu refers to the:|
A)|eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event.|
B)|unconscious activation of particular associations in memory.|
C)|emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events.|
D)|tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.|
22.|The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:|
A)|the spacing effect.|
B)|proactive interference.|
C)|the serial position effect.|
D)|retroactive interference.|
23.|The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve:|
A)|repression.|
B)|interference.|
C)|encoding failure.|
D)|implicit memory loss.|
24.|A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as:|
A)|priming.|
B)|retroactive interference.|
C)|proactive interference.|
D)|repression.|
25.|By incorporating errors originating from a hypnotist’s leading questions, hypnotically refreshed memories often illustrate:|
A)|proactive interference.|
B)|the misinformation effect.|
C)|the serial position effect.|
D)|rosy retrospection.|
26.|Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating?|
A)|cognition|
B)|syntax|
C)|heuristic|
D)|schema|
27.|By dividing broad concepts into increasingly smaller and detailed subgroupings, we create:|
A)|category hierarchies.|
B)|overconfidence.|
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C)|algorithms.|
D)|functional fixedness.|
28.|A prototype is a:|
A)|simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.|
B)|mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.|
C)|step-by-step procedure for solving problems.|
D)|best example of a particular category.|
29.|An algorithm is a:|
A)|method of hypothesis testing involving trial and error.|
B)|methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.|
C)|simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently.|
D)|best example of a particular category.|
30.|Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called:|
A)|heuristics.|
B)|prototypes.|
C)|algorithms.|
D)|fixations.|
31.|The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:|
A)|judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them.|
B)|overestimate the degree to which other people share our beliefs.|
C)|search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions.|
D)|overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.|
32.|The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called:|
A)|belief perseverance.|
B)|functional fixedness.|
C)|the availability heuristic.|
D)|confirmation bias.|
33.|Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the:|
A)|availability heuristic.|
B)|framing effect.|
C)|confirmation bias.|
D)|representativeness heuristic.|
34.|The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to:|
A)|judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.|
B)|cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.|
C)|search for information consistent with our preconceptions.|
D)|underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are erroneous.|
35.|College students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact of:|
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A)|the representativeness heuristic.|
B)|functional fixedness.|
C)|overconfidence.|
D)|the availability heuristic.|
36.|Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as “75 percent lean” than to ground beef described as “25 percent fat.” This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by:|
A)|framing.|
B)|the availability heuristic.|
C)|the representativeness heuristic.|
D)|confirmation bias.|
37.|Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates:|
A)|functional fixedness.|
B)|belief perseverance.|
C)|framing.|
D)|quick decisions.|
38.|In order to correctly string words together to form sentences, we need to apply proper rules of:|
A)|syntax.|
B)|linguistic determinism.|
C)|framing.|
D)|nomenclature.|
39.|The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.|
A)|grammatical|
B)|oneword|
C)|babbling|
D)|telegraphic speech|
40.|Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.|
A)|two-word|
B)|syntactic|
C)|babbling|
D)|oneword|
41.|B. F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ________ in language acquisition.|
A)|universal grammar|
B)|heuristics|
C)|algorithms|
D)|reinforcement|
42.|Spearman’s g factor refers to:|
A)|a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.|
B)|the ability to understand and regulate emotions.|
C)|the genetic contribution to intelligence.|
D)|a highly developed skill or talent possessed by an otherwise retarded person.|
43.|If a test is standardized, this means that:|
A)|the test will yield consistent results when administered on different occasions.|
B)|it accurately measures what it is intended to measure.|
C)|a person’s test performance can be compared with that of a representative pretested group.|
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D)|most test scores will cluster near the average.|
44.|The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a:|
A)|factor analysis.|
B)|normal curve.|
C)|reliability coefficient.|
D)|standardization sample.|
45.|A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of:|
A)|reliability.|
B)|validity.|
C)|the g factor.|
D)|standardization.|
46.|Motivation is defined by psychologists as:|
A)|a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal.|
B)|the cause of behavior.|
C)|rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of all people.|
D)|an impulse to accomplish something of significance.|
47.|Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called:|
A)|drives.|
B)|set points.|
C)|needs.|
D)|incentives.|
48.|Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?|
A)|drive-reduction theory|
B)|arousal theory|
C)|instinct theory|
D)|hierarchy of needs theory|
49.|The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow’s hierarchy of human motives includes the need for:|
A)|love and friendship.|
B)|food and water.|
C)|self-esteem.|
D)|religious fulfillment.|
50.|The set point is:|
A)|the body temperature of a healthy organism, for example, 98.6 degrees F in humans.|
B)|the point at which energy expenditures from exercise and from metabolism are equal.|
C)|the specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time.|
D)|the stage of the sexual response cycle that occurs just before orgasm.|
51.|Anorexia nervosa is typically characterized by:|
A)|an obsessive fear of becoming obese.|
B)|an unusually high rate of metabolism.|
C)|cyclical fluctuations between extreme thinness and obesity.|
D)|frequent migraine headaches.|
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52.|The onset of ________ nearly always begins after a dieter has broken diet restrictions and gorged.|
A)|erotic plasticity|
B)|bulimia nervosa|
C)|anorexia nervosa|
D)|hypermetabolism|
53.|The recipes commonly used in countries with hot climates are more likely to include ________ than those in countries with colder climates.|
A)|proteins|
B)|spices|
C)|carbohydrates|
D)|fats|
54.|When an organism’s weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n):|
A)|decrease in hunger and an increase in its metabolic rate.|
B)|increase in hunger and an increase in its metabolic rate.|
C)|increase in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.|
D)|decrease in hunger and a decrease in its metabolic rate.|
55.|Given an obese parent, boys are at an ________ risk for obesity and girls are at a ________ risk for obesity.|
A)|decreased; increased|
B)|decreased; decreased|
C)|increased; decreased|
D)|increased; increased|
56.|A problem that consistently interferes with one’s ability to complete the sexual response cycle is called:|
A)|erotic plasticity.|
B)|a sexual disorder.|
C)|a refractory period.|
D)|an STI.|
57.|James Dabbs and his colleagues observed that the ________ levels of heterosexual male collegians were especially likely to increase while they were conversing with a ________ college student.|
A)|insulin; male|
B)|glucose; female|
C)|PYY; male|
D)|testosterone; female|
58.|Teens who use alcohol prior to sexual intercourse experience:|
A)|reduced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.|
B)|enhanced self-awareness and are more likely to use condoms.|
C)|reduced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.|
D)|enhanced self-awareness and are less likely to use condoms.|
59.|Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to suggest that almost all humans are genetically predisposed to:|
A)|form close enduring relationships with fellow humans.|
B)|satisfy their need for political freedom before seeking emotional security.|
C)|engage in both homosexual and heterosexual behaviors.|
D)|avoid eating carbohydrate-laden foods when feeling depressed.|
60.|Jeff, who is 14, engages in rigorous tennis drills or competitive play at least four hours every day because he wants to master the sport and play on one of the best college teams in the country. His goal and behavior best illustrate the concept of:|
A)|homeostasis.|
B)|refractory period.|
C)|achievement motivation.|
D)|set point.|
Answer Key
1.|B|
2.|B|
3.|B|
4.|D|
5.|B|
6.|D|
7.|C|
8.|C|
9.|B|
10.|B|
11.|C|
12.|D|
13.|C|
14.|B|
15.|D|
16.|B|
17.|D|
18.|B|
19.|C|
20.|A|
21.|A|
22.|B|
23.|B|
24.|D|
25.|B|
26.|A|
27.|A|
28.|D|
29.|B|
30.|A|
31.|C|
32.|B|
33.|A|
34.|D|
35.|C|
36.|A|
37.|D|
38.|A|
39.|C|
40.|A|
41.|D|
42.|A|
43.|C|
44.|B|
45.|B|
46.|A|
47.|D|
48.|B|
49.|B|
50.|C|
51.|A|
52.|B|
53.|B|
54.|C|
55.|D|
56.|B|
57.|D|
58.|C|
59.|A|
60.|C|
