Asthma is a chronic illness that affects many people. Asthma affects approximately 155 million people around the world. The pharmaceutical industry approximates $5.5 billion in sales for asthma medication per year for a condition that is incurable.
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways. The narrowing of airways occurs due to inflammation and excessive mucous secretion. The constriction of the airway gives rise to common asthmatic symptoms of wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest, and shortness of breath. The usual form of control for asthma is bronchiodilators and corticosteriods.
Although, bronchiodilators are used in asthma therapy they have no effect on the inflammatory process. Bronchiodilators are a class of drug that relaxes airway smooth muscle by increasing cAMP and opening potassium channels. Corticosteriods on the other hand are now considered the first line of treatment for patients with severe and chronic asthma. Corticosteriods bind to a receptor in the cytosol, which translocates to the nucleus and binds DNA to activate genes. The main action of corticosteriods is to suppress multiple inflammatory genes, such as cytokines, inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules. The effectiveness of the corticosteriod is in most part due to the inhibition of transcription factors, such as AP-1 (activation protein 1), Nuclear factor-b (NF-b), and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NF-AT), which are required for inflammatory response.
The FcRI is the receptor for the IgE antibody. The FcRI is composed of a chain that binds the Fc portion of the IgE, the chain and the chain together form a tetrameric structure. Due to the fact that release of mediators from mast cells in asthma is IgE-E dependent one approach would be to block the activation of IgE using blocking antibodies that do not result in mast cells. A humanized murine monoclonal antibody directed to the FcRI-binding domain of human IgE (rhuMAb-E25) reduces allergen specific IgE after intravenous administration. RhuMAb reduces early and late responses to inhaled allergen and eosinophils counts from induced sputum. Although reduction in early response to allergen, which is due to mast cells bound to IgE the reduction in late response and sputum eosinophils is unexpected, but it could be explained by blocking the effect of IgE on low affinity IgE receptors such as CD23 on antigen presenting cells (APC).
The Term Paper on Allergy And Asthma Mast Cell
... but they also reduce asthma mortality. They inhibit the activity and recruitment of inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils, T lymphocytes, ... t help they will sometimes use corticosteriods to prevent inflammation. Corticosteriods are normally used to treat patients ... allergic response these plasma cell form the IgE antibodies, which migrate and attach to mast cells and basophils. Mast cells, which ...
Anti-IgE in mice inhibits IL-4,5 secretion and pulmonary eosinophilia by blocking Th2-cell activation in response to allergen, and this is mimicked by anti-CD23 antibody. Clinical trials for rhuMAb-E25 are now in progress.
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aggressive driving Can Lead To Road Rage
It starts with just a moment of tailgating, or maybe the guy in front of you cut you off or wouldn’t let you into the fast lane. In some cases it appears that incidents of road rage are caused by simple misunderstandings between drivers. A driver may make a momentary error of judgment but the perception of another driver is that he or she is driving aggressively. Then suddenly it turns into World War III on the highway. It matters little what causes it; a bad day at the office, a love affair going bad, credit cards maxed to the credit limit. All it takes is a sudden movement of someone else’s wheels, and within seconds a normally mild mannered motorist is consumed with a red-eyed, mouth-foaming surge of anger that grabs more of us every day. Road Rage, something that has always simmered on the back burner of motoring America, is now going off like fireworks.
The Essay on Road Rage Drivers Driver Driving
Road Rage Each day hundreds of cars are sold in the U. S. , and new drivers are introduced into the exiting world of automotive. It is more than seventy five percent of the U. S. population that drives a car, polluting our highways of rubber and metal. These cars that can weight up to an average of three tons can be very dangerous, especially if not conducted with the respect it deserves. Because ...
Motorists who have snapped and committed incredible violence are mostly men and women with no known histories of crime, violence, or alcohol and drug abuse. They are the people typically described by neighbors “the nicest woman or man” or “a wonderful mother or father.”
Father, mother, son, daughter, they all have their own ways of getting mad. Some slam on the brakes, jump out of their cars, open the trunks and grab anything that they get their hands on. Others use baseball bats, knives, mace, pepper spray, fists, or some simply pull out a pistol and start firing away. Why are these drivers turning their anger and frustrations into road rage and what solutions can we propose to stop this road rage?
Some say that one of the main causes of aggressive driving which usually leads to road rage is highway congestion. The road construction on the major interstates adds to lane closures and distractions to motorists. A motorist is driving the speed limit and then immediately has to slam on their brakes because another motorist sees the lane closures and decides to cut in front of them. This type of driving makes motorists mad because they know that the driver that has just cut in front of them has seen the construction signs and were well aware of the lane closures but still decided to wait to the last minute to get over.
Impatient drivers can also be an instigator of road rage. “A road-raging madman pulled up behind Gary Mckay’s truck in the passing lane on Interstate 55 several years ago. Mckay was passing a slow moving tractor-trailer at the time and said that he saw, “nothing but the truck grille in his mirror. I could see his fist and he was cussing and obviously mouthing off.” Mckay also recalled, “I probably should have sped up a little faster to get out of his way but instead I kept on easing around the truck and then signaled to get over.” After passing Mckay, the madman made an obscene gesture, pulled in front of Mckay’s truck and slammed on the brakes, three times. Finally the guy sped off,” (Leiser, Post-Dispatch).
It’s this type of behavior that makes road rage a life or death situation. If Mckay wouldn’t have been paying close attention when the madman pulled around him and slammed on his brakes this situation could have turned fatal.
Essay on Impaired Driving and Aggressive Driving
Essay on Impaired Driving and Aggressive Driving Impaired and Aggressive driving is harmful and can be 100 percent prevented. In the first paragraph, I will be talking about how driving while impaired has severe consequences and is very dangerous to your body. In the second paragraph, I will also be talking about the effects of aggressive driving. Both of these can cause harm to you and others ...
It’s not only men who are contributing to the road rage statistics; it’s women too. Back when road rage was first brought to America’s attention, “the drivers who would rip and snort their way through traffic, without regard for turn signals or leaving more than a few inches between cars, were mostly men, but the times have changed. More and more women are becoming dangerously aggressive drivers, and it is no longer unusual for women to take the next step from aggressive driving to road rage, actually committing acts of violence from behind the wheel,” (Ledford, New York Times).
“You feel a whole lot safer yelling at someone when you are surrounded by 2,000 pounds of metal, says Athelia Gunderson of Tacoma, Washington, who admits to an occasional outburst during her daily 30-minute commute to her job at a roofing supply company,” (Bowles and Overberg, USA TODAY).
All of the above factors may be compounded by the frustration many Americans feel as a result of longer commutes and busier schedules.
Local law enforcement officials have started programs in their areas to improve the enforcement of laws against aggressive driving which usually turns into road rage. Judges are issuing stiffer punishments to motorists who are convicted of offenses related to aggressive driving. “Battles on Capitol Hill and crackdowns on the nation’s highways will continue as officials target aggressive driving. Arizona became the first state to make aggressive driving a crime. Nineteen others are considering similar laws,” (Bowles and Overberg, USA TODAY).
“The federal government also has responded. The Department of Transportation is giving more than $10 million to a dozen communities in a test to battle aggressive driving. Campaigns include more police patrols, television monitors mounted on freeway overpasses and even dummy cameras at intersections to make drivers think they are being videotaped for running red lights,” (Bowles and Overberg, USA TODAY).
Another possible solution to help relieve road rage is decreasing congestion through the construction of more lanes, widening roads and decreasing the number of curves on roads and highways.
The Essay on Road Rage Driving Aggressive Behavior
Thesis: Road rage is a major problem in the United States, it causes accidents, anger, fear, and danger to our roadways everyday. Audience: Anyone who struggles with anger management while driving, or the typical aggressive driver. Also teenagers, adults, and elderly people. Purpose: To inform all drivers of the unsafe and unpredictable behavior present on our roadways. Also to help understand ...
We can attack and reduce the dangers of aggressive driving. Each of us should take a look at our own driving habits and those of our friends and loved ones. The government can help with road improvements and law enforcement, but solving this problem will require people to change their behavior. Working together, we can make our roads safer and prevent deaths and injuries.
