Electricity Generation and Load Shedding

Impact of Load Shedding and use of UPS and Generators on Living Standards of Lahore Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Energy is now days in Pakistan become the debate for traders, businessmen, house wives, students, ministers and all the victims from lack of energy. Lahore city experienced 12 hours extreme load shedding in this peak hot weather. The routine life of the residents is badly disturbed by the long load-shedding in the country. In recent years, the continuous and rapid growth in population in urban areas and growth of industrialization in Pakistan has affected the demand of electricity very badly in country.

The demand of the electricity in country is much greater than the supply and production of electricity in country. This situation causes electricity crisis in Pakistan. The duration of load shedding reached14 to 18 hours a day. Shortage of electricity has reached 5500 MW, 12 to 14 hours in urban areas and 18 hours in rural areas as a result of landing time. Are the most affected industries is difficult to meet deadlines and deliver goods in time because of the energy problem. Many industries have been in the country closed, which caused the increase in unemployment and human suffering.

The main reason overdue the load shedding is due to a clash between the Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) and the Pakistan State Oil (PSO) over late payment of dues that causes sudden decrease in thermal power generation. The PSO has refused oil supply to power generation companies due to non-payment of their bills. 40% of power houses are closed due to non-supply of oil. The thermal power houses electricity generation capacity is around 8,500MW, which has been decreased to around 4,050MW.

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... electricity has shattered the whole country. In many cities of the country, the public is protesting vigorously against the load-shedding of electricity. However, the severe load-shedding ... Being a Nuclear Power, Pakistan has another option to produce electricity from Nuclear Plants. In Pakistan, Four Civil nuclear power plants are producing electricity. It is ...

Likewise, the “capacity was 3500 MW to 1223 MW is reduced, and the 221-capacity rental power generation” will be reduced to only 20MW. However, the amount of fuel is delivered, 4,000-5,000 MW of electricity can be added to the national grid. Electricity is the major font of power for any country greatest of the economic activities. Lahore is facing terrible load shedding as compared to other cities. It disturbed the lives of every resident of Lahore no matter in which field they are. Overview of Load Shedding

Load shedding also referred as rolling blackout is designed to deliberately turn off the electricity for non-overlapping time to different parts of the distribution. Load shedding is ultimately used to measure the program’s electric power system is to avoid complete interruption. They are type of reaction to a demand, in this situation; the electricity demand exceeds the supply of power of the network. Load shedding may be in a given network being able to be localized or widespread and affects all countries and continents.

Load shedding usually results from two reasons: Production capacity or inadequate transmission infrastructure to provide sufficient power to the lack of space. Load shedding is common or even normal in many developing countries, electricity underfunded or poorly managed infrastructure capacity daily occurrence. Load shedding is rare in developed countries because the demand accurately predicted, suitable infrastructure investment is planned and well-managed network, the following events will be taken into account in the planning of failure is unacceptable and can cause significant political damage to responsible government.

Well-managed high-capacity systems to the current plan and announced in advance to public so they can work around, but in most cases occur without warning, usually the transmission frequency falls below the “safe” limit. When more companies to supply the demand for electricity production or transport, or installed capacity has more than you can deliver, companies, electricity available to his clients to resort to controlling. This act is called load shedding. Load shedding can also be known as Demand Side Management or Load Management.

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... at the Majuba power plant which provides approximately 10% of South Africa’s electricity. Subsequent bouts of load shedding have ensued as ... as a result of load shedding. The cumulative effects of the above on the economic capacity and outlook of the ... electricity generation network. The power system has come under severe strain due to maintenance backlogs and a failure to bring new generating capacity ...

Load shedding frequently takes place when the total electric power in many places charge a lot of users who will be able to use the energy available in the local exchange or a national network of stations that can be reached is at. This situation is common in many developing countries. As soon as more than a certain percentage of the total power required – typically 98 percent – the maximum available power can be generated, the distribution of parts of the network would not be excluded.

Such interruptions are known as “Load shedding. ” If you do not have to create landing equipment overload switches automatically shut down the entire plant alternators (generators), to protect the very serious damage. Such damage would be very expensive and take a long time to resolve. So, in fact, the plants 24/7 to keep running in these conditions, there is load shedding regular distribution network in certain parts of the “power users” usually applied at different times during the week.

For example, parts of the network, providing home and small business office can be obtained in two or three hours of power a day time or other, every day, while important places – such as hospitals, large factories, and, in general, as an institution may acquire power almost 24/7. Load shedding is usually occurred in large industrial, commercial and municipal use activities, there is no constant electricity use (usually by automated instrumentation), and some pre-electric charge or electrical device to stop the use of the threshold is closer to the top.

There are two reasons, both economically motivated. Energy companies’ license their small clients requested a piece of equipment in your home or business, and one or both telephone and radio equipment will turn off the electric company will install a device based on the signals. Devices are electric heaters. Energy companies provide discounts to customers. Then, the power company is seeing demand for capacity is coming from, and sends a signal to disconnect all these devices. This is called an electric shock. Overview of Ups

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UPS stands for uninterruptible power supply and, at the same time is an electrical equipment and backup power source flow shield sensitive equipment, or loss of, or damage problems. (Uninterruptible Power Supply) A device that provides battery backup when power fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level. Small UPS systems provide power for a few minutes, enough to power the computer in an organized manner, and larger systems have enough battery for several hours. Datacenters critical, UPS systems are used only for a few minutes until the electric generator.

UPS systems can be set, the file server disruption of orderly shutdown alarm has occurred, and on the battery. Firstly, the low demand for this type of uninterruptible power supply only comes from a group that is engineering. Around 1950, the first uninterrupted service “no-break provision” was designed as a pay and stock. Often, the two motors, direct current and alternating current method. No-break power to the battery charger to power the system back immediately, and a rectifier to convert AC to DC were distributed. DC current DC motor can power the AC power generated by the generator.

In the case of loss of power, the battery will be used in DC motors. Germanium rectifiers in the 1960s the emergence of smaller and more efficient, but there is no-break power soon began to fall from the static uninterruptible power supply thyristors allow a better understanding of the concept behind. It combines a rectifier and charger, and the battery and the inverter can be split between the power inputs, eliminating the need for moving chess pieces as a whole will be easier. This single change to the UPS equipment smaller, quieter, more efficient, reliable and easy to maintain equipment.

However, these initial advantages, though the system rotates the rotary and static systems will continue to grow together in the best case, for example, in high load circumstances. Over the years, the system will continue for more simplified and made ?? more reliable. Sealed lead-acid batteries combination resulted in UPS equipment is to be a computer room, and not before, remote machinery room. Although the offset of the first computers to use UPS equipment and communication technology re-engineering will become a part of.

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Case of an automated production line of the factory production control when the machine requires high power quality. UPS, not only the power of the production line to ensure it is not broken, but there is no interference between the machines is not. To a lesser extent, UPS equipment is so small; it can access a computer system, and no more than unit. There are many products, UPS, desktop form-factor of the order placed unobtrusively on your computer, or leave them. Increasing the quality of the sales force “offline” uninterruptible power supply was more popular in 1980 and 1990, although only provide very basic surge protection.

Offline systems draws power directly from the power source of raw materials and only uses UPS system during power outages and the “on-line” system of continuous power, the power failure / shortage or is not. Offline UPS, of course, is easy to manufacture, and, therefore, smaller and cheaper, but they are not suitable for areas with poor power quality, UPS is more to replace the battery, the battery will be returned as quickly. Off-line UPS is only for customers who are really only a battery back-up is recommended. Types of UPS:

Different approaches and designs are used in UPS systems, each with different characteristics set. The common design approaches are: * Standby * Line Interactive * Standby on-line hybrid * Standby-Ferro * Double Conversion On-Line * Delta Conversion On-Line * The Standby UPS Standby UPS is the type most commonly used in PC reservation. Transfer to filter the AC input selection is set as the primary energy source and battery / inverter primary source fails to be a source of renewal. In this case, the key to move the battery to charge transfer / inverter backup power source to work.

Investors only when the power fails, hence the name “standby”. * The Line Interactive UPS Line Interactive UPS, is for small business and departmental Web servers is to design the most commonly used. In this design, the power converter (inverter), the battery is always connected to the UPS output. At the time of the reverse of the inverter, the input is a normal plug in the battery. * Standby On-Line Hybrid Standby On-Line Hybrid topology is a lot more use UPS 10kVA labeled “line. ” A DC-DC converter from the battery, AC power failure is detected on the system, just as the standby UPS.

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Charger is small, as a standby UPS. Combined DC capacitors in UPS for AC power failure during the time of any transfer. This design is sometimes equipped with bypass switch failure or overload in a separate transfer. * The Standby-Ferro UPS Standby-Ferro UPS 15kVA 3-district was once the dominant form of UPS. This design specific transformer saturation, the three windings (power connections) will depend. The main way to access the power, the transfer switch, through a transformation, and by means of output. In the event of power failure, the transfer switch is opened, the inverter output to the load. The Double Conversion On-Line UPS This is the most common type of UPS above 10kVA. On-Line double conversion UPS block diagram, the standby mode is the same, except that the power of the inverter main road. * The Delta Conversion On-Line UPS This UPS design, including a double conversion on-line design and 5kVA available from a range of 1 MW to resolve deficiencies, is a new technology. Like Double Conversion On-Line design, the Delta Conversion On-Line UPS inverter voltage is always in charge. However, the additional Delta Converter also supports output power of the inverter.

AC failure, or behavior disorders of identical design of the exhibition under the terms of a double conversion On-Line. Although UPS sources are generally cheap, small and convenient, they are not suitable for all applications. Their common disadvantage is a relatively short runtime. That’s why most data sheets state it at half load. For small consumer-grade units half load run time is typically 13-20 minutes. Note that this characteristic is not linear. At full load you may get only 1/3 of half-load life. Prices of UCP: Over 40 local UPS brands

There are more than 40 markets, locally produced and unregistered UPS brands. Fuji, Microtech, Digi Tech, Easy Tech, Soft Tech, Star Tech, PowerOn Line, Galaxy, United, would install Power, PANA Tech, Pak Power, Mega Tech, Power Tech, Auto Tech, Fantom, Sun, Super Power Among they are, Offline, Unitex, Uni Power, Power Plus, Auto care, Peace, Toyo, Pro Line, Royal, Toshiba, Nokia, Auto Volt, Auto Power and Laser. Stack of new brands and trademarks are only available on the market. Best-selling brands of UPS are Micro Tech, Auto Care, Power Plus and Laser.

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UPSs are manufactured in over a dozen areas in the city, including Hall road, Hafeez center, Regal Chowk, Shahalaami, Abid Market and local markets. It takes 5-10 hours to recharge batteries. 195 Amp wet batteries to fully recharge the standard time is 10 hours. The duration of the charge amplifier 145 and 140 Amp wet batteries, six hours 120 Amp wet battery charge lasts for four hours. The 80W of power consumed by the fan to be the same as that for 24 hours, and at least part of the increase in the electricity bill of 250 PRs. More batteries charged, more is the electricity bills.

There are many batteries available in market to attach with ups. They are AGS, Exide, Osaka, Phoenix, Atlas, and Volta. * UPS with built-in dry batteries range from Rs 7,000 to Rs 117,000. * UPS 500 VA that can run 1 PC costs Rs 7,000. * UPS 1,000 VA that can run 3 PCs costs Rs 12,500. * UPS 1,500 VA UPS that can run 4 PCs costs Rs 25,800. * UPS 2,200 VA that can run 5 to 6 PCs costs Rs 35,900. * UPS 3,300 VA that can run 8 to 9 PCs costs Rs 45,500. * UPS 4,000 VA that can run 12 to 13 PCs costs Rs 80,400. * UPS 5,000 VA that can run 15 to 16 PCs costs Rs 96,000. * UPS 6,000 VA that can run 18 to 20 PCs costs Rs 117,000.

The back-up duration for these UPSs is between 10 and 15 minutes. * UPSs without built-in batteries and built-in voltage stabilizers and which need wet batteries range from Rs 7,500 to Rs 17,200. The wet batteries price range from Rs 5,500 and Rs 9,500. * UPS with 50 0VA with 120 Ampere battery price Rs 7,500 + Rs 8,500 = Rs 16,000. * UPS with 1,500 VA with 195 Amp battery price Rs 17,200 + 13,200 = Rs 30,400. * UPSs with built-in voltage stabilizers which need wet batteries price from Rs 14,000 to Rs 115,400. * 500 Watts UPS will manage 2 Fans and 4 energy savers.

RS 8,000 * 700 Watts UPS will manage 3 Fans and 6 energy savers. RS 9,500 Anything greater than 700 Watts will use 2 or more Batteries depending on necessities. * 1000 Watts UPS will manage 5 Fans and 8 energy savers. RS 14000 * 1500 Watts UPS will manage 7 Fans and 10 energy savers. RS 18000 * 2000 Watts UPS will manage 10 Fans and 16 energy savers. RS 24000 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ups: * The electricity supply drives uninterrupted, it do not require much power. Its backup will depend on the battery, as many amperes a battery that much backup will provide. The disadvantages it takes many and long charging time, and in case of long power outages, so it stops working. Excessive load reduces the duration of the backup entry. Reflected in the 60% to 90%. Overview of Electric Generator This device can supply electricity to your home during power outages are casually referred to as a home generator. Switching to an electric generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Mechanical energy can be used from different sources. Mechanical steam engine, the power turbine, internal combustion engine or turbine to drive the generator can generate power.

Other sources of power, perhaps the wheel or hand crank. Electric generator to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy to work. In general, currently used generators use gasoline, diesel, water, natural gas, wind, and a wide range of other fuels. Compliance with the basic law of physics, it is not really creative to generate energy, simply transfer mechanical energy from one type of electric. The first generator began building in 1830, physicist and chemist Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic generator as the principle behind it. This is the principle of Faraday’s law.

When the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric conductor, conductor end will create a potential difference. This is the first electromagnetic generator, called the Faraday disk to detect. This type of generator uses a copper disk. The disc rotates between horseshoe magnet site. Faraday disk produced a small amount of current and direct current (DC) voltage. However, this oscillator suffered some drawbacks. Design is not effective, because of the different magnetic regions. Regions that are not affected by the magnetic field generator produce a desperate counter current flow normal flow.

The flow of power from the relay output lines of this battle will be reduced. Causes, as well as complete loss of heating copper disc. Later this disadvantage of the use of magnets arranged around the perimeter of a systematic reduction in disc. Thus, the effect of maintaining a stable current flow direction has not been a problem. Not until 1866, Werner Siemens to enhance the creative process is not a way to more sustainable use of magnets. Dynamo was the first turbine power generating industry. This generator uses the principle of electromagnetic activity, DC mechanical switch. Dynamo by the collector.

Hipolito Pixi was built in 1832 in the first dynamo ever. This generator consists of stationary machines. This machine rotating magnetic field coil. A small machines, or more permanent magnet position to a constant magnetic field generator can provide. Larger machines, the field magnet coils. Generator uses electromagnetic induction processing power. This machine urge electrical load to the external circuit. It does not, however, generate electricity or number. These aspects are now in their wire windings. Generator to pump water to the flow of water is similar to, but not to make your own water.

Home owners buy a portable generator in case of power failure. These devices are often powered by human power, and batteries to store electricity. Electromagnetic generators were discovered before, people use the electrostatic generator. This type of generator is very high voltage and low-current production. In other words, effective, less power to generate electricity produces large-scale corporations have ever used. Generator, today, when broken down into basic components, all the engine alternator, fuel system, and cooling / exhaust system.

You can find different types of generators. It sounds like the car, is not it? The main drivers of an electric generator, alternator and electric motor to drive the car, charge the battery into mechanical energy is converted to work as a power-lights, radio, air-conditioning, seat warmers, and almost everything else. Alternator is the main component of any generator. A generator, simply, the engine is mechanical energy. Do not take anything from the engine, still doing its job very well. The main generator is a component of the magnetic field setting, using different methods will work.

Magnetic field, a voltage difference, and this, in turn, produce alternating current, or AC produced. Generator is used in a wide range of situations. Factory used to provide extra juice for your plants, and many homes and businesses use them to make a backup in emergency situations. Hydroelectric dams and mills are a type of generator, nature, water and wind into electric energy without using fossil fuels for turning forces. Different types of generators have been around for hundreds of years. Electro-static and exhaust-gas generators were invented at the beginning of 1600-1700, and the foundations of the electrical experiments.

Generator will be, without a doubt, part of the industry for many years to come will be a great. Someone to figure out how to take advantage of the lightning. Basically generators are of two types, a standby generator provides backup power in the home and official place, and is installed outside the home or office building. And the second is portable generator is used in places where electricity is not available. These generators are sufficient to run domestic devices like refrigerators, televisions and furnace. Types of Generators: Residential Standby Generators: These types generators are typically run by gas or diesel and is used to supply power to homes to power critical items such as fans, lights and refrigerators in case of a load shedding in their area. * Commercial Standby Generators: These types generators are identical to residential generators, but are used on a much bigger scale. Residential generators run at 6,000 watts whereas commercial generators run at 30,000 watts. Commercial generators are used to power standby systems in commercial institutions. * Portable Generators:

These generators are usually the smallest types of generators (up to 30,000 watts) and are perfect for outdoor uses such as to power an entertaining vehicle. * Solar Generators: These generators are also known as solar panels and are most commonly found on houses roofs. Light on solar panels turn into energy to operate high watt equipment i. e. heaters, air conditioners When you need to decide what to produce, how much square footage the power you need to take into account how much power you need, and how you want to transport the generator on location. Prices of Generators:

Mostly generators are used to overcome the power disaster in Pakistan. Different generators for sale are available in market of Pakistan in a large amounts and it is much easy to get. * Gas Generators in Pakistan: Gas generators are generally used at home as they are cheap in price as compared to others and easy to operate. The prices of gas generators in Pakistan are: * 3 KVA Gas generator in Karachi for Rs. 28, 900 * 5 KVA Honda Gas Generator, Karachi, Rs. 115, 000 * 2 KVA Gas Generator with Cylinder, Karachi, at Rs. 22, 000 * 2 KVA Gas Generator in Lahore for Rs. 2,000 * 37. 5 KVA Gas generator in Rawalpindi for Rs. 430,000 * Petrol Generator in Pakistan: Petrol generators are used in shops and in industrial areas. They usually operate longer than Gas generators. The prices for Petrol generators in Pakistan are: * 3 KVA Petrol gas generator in Karachi, Rs. 25, 000 * 5 KVA Denyo Petrol generator in Karachi, Rs. 75, 000 * Petrol Power Generator 5. 5 KVA with 45A Exide Battery in Lahore,Rs. 30, 000 * 3. 0 KVA Inhell petrol Generator in Islamabad, Rs. 25,000 * Petrol Generator Astra 5. 5 KVA in Islamabad, for Rs. 2, 500 * 3. 5 KVA Astra petrol gas generator in Islamabad, Rs. 26, 500 * Diesel Generators in Pakistan: Diesel Generators are the expensive forms of generators and are not ideal due to increase in fuel prices.

Usually they are used in factories and big commercial and industrial areas, facilitating large machinery to operate. * Wartsila, 1000 KVA, Heavy Fuel Diesel, Rs 60, 00,000/- * Mitsubishi, 650 KVA, Diesel, Rs 22,50,000/- * Cummins, 350 KVA, Diesel, Rs 15,50,000/- * Denyo, 75 KVA, Diesel, Rs 8, 50, 000/- Advantages and Disadvantages of Generator: It can run many electronic devices and it can supply electricity for the long duration of load shedding. * The disadvantages are air and noise pollution, usage of fuel and cost it too much. Reasons of Load shedding in Pakistan Modern times, electricity has become very necessary for life to survive in this world. No sector becomes alive. Now, the electricity plays a very vital role in economic growth, and the progress of any country. Anything that has to do directly attached with electricity. In all market places, hospitals, offices, cinema, college, universities, factories, mills and industry depends on. an agriculture without irrigation, industrial Wheel stand still. The house was dark. Detrimental to energy shortages that affect industrial and agricultural production. Insignificant limit. Energy is now Pakistan, the debate. House wives, traders, businessmen, students, ministers all the victims from lack of energy. Lahore city experienced 12 hours extreme load shedding in this peak hot weather. Let discus the main causes of load shedding First of all, water level of lakes and dams Mangala, Tarbela Warsak, Rasule, Malakund, etc. , as much too small, many are suffering as a result of energy generation.

Then the construction of large dams, which, for example, the design of Kala Bagh Dam has fallen victim to political conflicts, if narrow, demand and supply of electricity, will reduce Gap, but, at the same time, as we respond to the needs of our industry. Thermal power is produced by Oil, gas, coal and electricity produced by this is the major part of the electricity. It is very expensive, energy, and the public is not exposed to the worst. Therefore, the government has to finance any deficit. 18 RS is a unit production costs, but it supplied at per unit Rs 12. So govt due to insufficiency of capital fails to build up a new plant.

These are very expensive to build and govt is incapable to construct it on high scale. Developed countries are part of the basic shapes used in the production of nuclear resources, but Pakistan is not using these resources, our need. Moreover, pressure and power of the world to satisfy us, among other things, the use of the Don. Second, it requires a lot of attention. Perhaps, the following measures will be taken in Pakistan. Setting up of new factories and mechanization of agriculture demand of power is increasing, but the supply of electricity is falling short of demand at an increasing rate every year.

Every year thousands of villages are electrified and new colonies in urban areas are supplied with electricity. This also a causes an increase in the demand for electricity. Standard of living has become high. People use luxuries goods like AC, fridge water cooler, and fans. These goods works with the help of electricity which become the cause of increase of consumption. every work is done by light. millions of electronic goods come in market and sale out. People are these goods blindly without any cautions. in one house there will be found many ac and fans. Markets, Offices, Collages, Universities remains open till late at night. t is main cause of short fall. No benefit is taken from sun light in a day. Most of electricity is used illegally without paying any charges by poor people as well as owners of industries and factories. Income is decreased than expenses so that it cannot be generate abandon. Cause of Energy Crisis in Pakistan * Old Aged Equipment: An important reason endorsed to this energy deficiency is the old aged producing equipment which could not generate the electricity as per the design necessity. Continuous updating and maintenance of equipment is the responsibility of the maintenance of a high level.

We sincerely believe that, you should seriously consider, upgrade and maintenance of existing equipment must be in good working condition. * Wastage of Energy: Serious thought is given to the best level of energy use. It is necessary to develop a new culture of energy saving. Several times the level of illiteracy on government, blamed for the failure of savings. This is not true. Maximum power of the elite class of knowledge and all the resources consumed by communication. But they do not have the luxury to ignore the problem. The government should seriously embark on energy-saving program. High Cost of Fuel: Crude oil price increase from $ 40 140 $ / barrel. This means that the unit price seems excessive thermal energy. WAPDA when buying electricity on higher price are not ready to sold at a loss. So, do not move to a common complain of load shedding. * Theft of Electricity: A simple solution is to increase the power price. Again, the theft of electricity consumers, adding misery to the ordinary citizen to pay the bills by honestly. Energy-loss problem has been discussed for more than a decade, and despite all efforts, no solution has been found. * Monopoly in the Business:

WAPDA is the generation and dispatch unit in Pakistan. Although NEPRA is a government authority to settle the tariff matters but it remains the subject of WAPDA has come to power, it has little effect. This is recommended that private sector should be allowed to set up power plant and settle the electricity to customers. Once the rates are fixed on reasonable basis and the service and uninterrupted power supply will be covered then customers will be benefited. * Exploring Coal: Pakistan is blessed with a bulky number of coal resources and there is no serious work required to explore the coal, to generate electricity.

Coal has been accused of less quality. However, tailor-made ?? solutions are available for any type of coal burned. The government wants the private sector to play its role. In our opinion the government should take initiative and set up the power plants on the site of coal mines. * Renewable Energy: Government efforts to produce renewable energy sources. PPIB has issued a letter of intent, many private sector guarantors. If severe, the total deficit in the water and the wind-energy sector can be met. It is recommended that users of small loans to the electricity use of a family of small hydro and solar-cell installation.

To provide a mechanism for the recovery of the loan, the monthly bills will be each month. * Role of Government: Government is searching for the private sector to invest in the energy sector and they elected him as a mediator and arbitrator for investment. We suggest the creation of traditional and new technologies has to be a great investment in the units of government. Once the massive public sector plans, the private sector will be soon. * Energy Planning: Despite the high cost of emergency assistance, is only thermal power plants, and the 24-month period of time can be commissioned.

Pakistan to develop comprehensive and realistic planning capacity of a catalytic element in economic growth, and poverty and prosperity in Pakistan to help. * Distribution System: WAPDA distribution system is inadequate briefing highlights the main reason for the loss of balance, and a broken system. It is true, the distribution system causes a lot of unwanted and broken off, but, now, we truly believe that the shortage of energy is the main cause of our problem, complain WAPDA distribution network in twenty years, but failed to bring any improvement.

Groups Affected By Load Shedding: * Social-priority customers: Such as health care institutions, security providing forces, national communications services and energetic manufacturing plants * Non-priority Customers: Such as ordinary local homes, shops and homes may have to be exposed to power failures during a time of load-shedding that factory has sufferers from shutting down its machinery and wasting its workers. * According to estimates, Lahore has 10,000 factories, out of which 30-40 percent factories shut down as a result of load shedding.

These companies use electricity and Sui gas in large quantities. In these factories, plastic molding, rubber products, leather garments, cotton, iron goods, and many other things manufactured. * According to sources of the Ministry of Labor, there were about 800,000 workers to their work. 400,000 800,000 workers while they receive less pay. Due to the failure of the owners to end the extra power facilities, and increases our difficulties. * Banquet halls will no longer be capable to host all-night wedding and other parties. * Brightly-lit billboards and Neon signs are to be banned.

Load Shedding gives Birth to new Cottage Industry in Country: The endless load shedding was given birth to a new small industry which is engaged in the production of products to deal with load shedding. Load shedding, however, the big negative impact on the major industrial sector but it has helped small businesses grow small producers to produce products to shield against load shedding such as emergency lights, candles, generators, UPS, and like many of the other has become beautiful. Ignored, and although the company does not die, artificial sources of energy is the power of the current “age of darkness”.

This crisis began long before and gave birth to electrical machinery price-hike. Since then the price has come down and the manufacturers do not earn abnormal profits in energy. Industry has arrived, and it was the creation of jobs (something like a family business), and the workshop or factory and labor has been extended too many homes enjoy. According to an estimate, there are 10,000 factories in Lahore, among which approximately 30-40 percent factories have been closed because of load shedding. These factories were utilizing electricity and Sui gas in a huge amount.

In these factories, plastic molding, rubber articles, leather garments, cotton, iron-made goods, and many other things were being produced. According to the labor department sources, approximately 800,000 laborers have been dispelled from their jobs. While, 400,000 to 800,000 laborers were receiving less wage. Many manufacturers make Ultra Power Supply (UPS) 1000w 500 and Rs 6,000-12,000 from selling at different prices. At least two tube lights, two fans, a television, a computer and can be run, as they say, but the price they harge, not 48 or more, the cost of the battery, ie, among the available in the market at Rs 2400, 4500 to Rs. In addition, the age of the batteries is about one year, and the battery is damaged, repair or replacement costs must be supported by its users. Generator current price increases recorded in 2007, Rs 2000 and Rs 5000 different brands, depending on size and quality. Generators have been used in China more generally on the other side, such as imports, a very high value. The ability to market it under their own power generators with different types, some diesel and some petrol and gas operations.

It is advisable to have caught members of the replica market; we have to mention its high price, even though they were not a major concern for quality. Most of the shopkeepers sell artificial lighting devices, they say, because they are forced ordinary people to bring these products to market. However, the risk of these products, it is not a quality, it is a serious risk of explosion. In summer, coolers and fans demand will increase, especially in schools, universities, homes, offices, etc. , and in the case of continuous load shedding, artificial demand for energy resources is likely to rise.

Negative impact of load shedding: Impact of Load Shedding on Students: Load shedding effects everyone but students are suffering from load shedding and their study activities is badly punished because of unscheduled and long load shedding. Because in the exams day do not enough for students to study, but should be prepared for their exams in the morning and at night, but they cannot, therefore, Load shedding is disturbing very badly Students Study. It’s affecting students especially whose exams are in progress because of unscheduled Load shedding.

Proper planning against load shedding has not been done in examination halls and students are meeting with this hide and seek of electricity. Load shedding causing worst impact on students. Schedule of their study is interrupted. Due to frustration of load shedding they cannot study properly. These days, summer is on its peak, but without electricity is irritating. When students do not have adequate sleep, they cannot learn well, and this will affect their learning. This is because students are able to study at night. Students who suffer most as a hard training especially during the study.

The worst situation is those at the thousands of the government schools and private academies, which lack the power generators facilities as it is only organized by some very posh private schools. Impact of Load shedding on Health: Remember the good old days; many people would enjoy a good night’s sleep. Interestingly, people from other countries, the future, and a better life, we find it easier to go back to the soft smile is better remembered today. In fact, pessimism and cynicism in a way that is both natural responses.

We often hear the saying “I’ll sleep in his diary. ” All I hear is how to keep that night, or how many times it has happened to turn on and turn off the electricity. People now look forward to the beginning of the night against their body and a new energy to rest and work the next day. Nights are not welcome. Good sleep is essential for the production day. Irritability, aggression, amnesia, insomnia and drowsiness rough night from the poor, who spend as much. To work together with the indifference and anxiety. Their capacity to work and earn a lot of suffering.

Load shedding is considered too heavy for the underprivileged. Detailed and in-depth psychological analysis is required, how serious psychological disorders are very painful load shedding, to determine the result of long hours. Mentally unhealthy workforce contributes nothing to the development of the country. Impact of Load shedding on Industrial Units: Approximately 1,579 industrial units in the country as a result of an extensive, power failure, and other problems in the last five years, closed, sources told Daily Times.

Among these plants, in Punjab, 115, 700 Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 688, 29 Balochistan and Processing Zone Authority (EPZA) was combined with 47 different industrial stopped. Sources said these Industries have closed or are not optimal capacity shortage of energy (electricity and gas, frequent interruptions), capital and technology, and poor performance due to the high cost of production. Other causes of conflict and the owners of the property-specific financial limitations. Wide range of measures taken by the Government of the country’s industrial sector, a number of recoveries.

In KP and Fata, State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has approved the removal of all small and medium enterprises (SMEs) revive government loans to help improve the energy supply, and electricity and gas to increase production to meet growing energy demand. Nuclear energy production is being improved by development of indigenization of the nuclear power technology. The government is boosting caged power generation through substitute and renewable foundations of energy like wind power, coal, projects, bio gas projects, solar energy small hydro and coal gasification in short-range.

To raise credit conveniences, the SBP has providing many schemes for easing access to investment to SMEs by supplying guarantee and building their size to manage their funds. To ease change of hands and have easy winding up processes as a massive amount of dynamic capacity lies inactive the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) was asked to make changes to ‘insolvency laws’. The SECP and Funding Division are working on the Corporate Restoration Act to make the processes instant and also cover the chance of providing ‘technical support’ to recover sick industry.

Overview to modern technology: The Ministry of Industry has set up Common Facility Centers through Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) and trial projects for drill including tools, mould and dye centers and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) centers and computer-aided designing. Business development centers to grow and polish innovative skills. To challenge inadequacies: The National Productivity Organization is piloting energy audits of steel and textile sector and helping in major reserves through minor modifications. Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technologies also conveys out energy audits for a very nominal fee.

Impact of Load Shedding on Economy: Electricity shortage in the country is creating destruction for industries in Pakistan. Long hours of load shedding  throughout the country limiting the industries to work efficiently and smoothly and to manufacture the goods for fulfilling local needs as well as foreign orders creates problems such as industry dropping its orders and customers and at last it results in closing of industry. Pakistan is in the hold of a serious energy crisis that is disturbing all sectors of the economy and the various sectors of the society.

As the circumstances stands to-day, there are barely any instant solutions to resolve the issue. Load shedding may affect the economy of the country. Has a global impact on people’s lives. Industrialization is slow down by load shedding. Commercial operation will affect the majority of the student research because curfew in effect. Shortage of furnace oil and crude oil prices continued to rise. The use of oil to generate electricity in the oven is the only constant. Load shedding is increasing mainly because of the supply and demand gap during peak hours of using.

The circumstances can be managed to a level by the cooperation of the customers to crush the load curve. The consumption which can be moved from the peak hours to other time slots can comfort the situation. And initiating increase in inflation because tariff is also increasing of commodity per unit 30% to 60% Objectives: The objective of the research is to collect socio-economic data from the targeted population. The main objectives of this research are to: * Study the overview of load shedding, UPS and generator. * Examine the reasons of load shedding in Pakistan. * Study the impact of load shedding on different fields of life. Study the theory of demand, supply, price, indifference curve. * Examine the demand, supply and tariffs of electricity in Pakistan. * Whether there is any load shedding in your area? And the frequency of the load shedding * Disturbance faced by Public due to load shedding. * Examine the steps taken by people against load shedding. * Examine substitutes for load shedding affecting consumer. * Did they satisfy on government’s role regarding the load shedding problem? * Examine the steps must be taken to overcome energy crisis. * Study the impact of load shedding on living standards. Chapter 2 Theory Supply:

Different quantities of a product which manufacturers offer for sale in the market at dissimilar level of prices. OR A essential economic concept that defines the total quantity of a specific good or service that is available to buyers. Supply can narrate to the quantity available at a specific value or the quantity available across a variety of prices if showed on a graph. This tells closely to the demand for a good or service at a specific value; all other being equal, the supply provided by manufacturers will increase if the price increases because all companies look to make the most of profits. Determinants affecting supply

Some of the common factors that affecting supply are: * Good’s Own Price: If there is any change in the price of a good it affects the supply of that product. * Input Cost: If the price of inputs like land, labor, raw materials and power increases the seller will not supply the goods at existing price. * Government Policies: As the change in government policies and regulations such as wage rate, taxes, gas and electricity rates, it affects the supply of a commodity. * Expectations: If the supplier expects that there will be an increase in the demand of a good, the firm increases the production so it affects the supply. * Number of Suppliers:

If more suppliers enter the industry the market, it will decrease the prices and affect supply. * Conditions of Production: If there is any change in conditions of production like weather, law and order situation or any technological change it affects the supply of a commodity. Law of supply: If other things do not change, then the amount supplied of a product declines with every decline in its price and rises with every rise in its price. Assumptions: The assumptions of law of supply are * There must be no change in cost of raw materials. * There must be no change in rate of taxes. * The transportation cost must remain constant. The wage rate must remain constant. * There must be no change in method of productions. * There weather being constant. * The law and order situation should not be change. Demand: The mathematical function showing the amount demanded in terms of its various factors, including income and value; thus its show the algebraic representation of the demand curve. OR Different quantities of product which a buyer is willing to buying at several level of price. Qd = f (P) In ordinary language, the want of a product is measured as demand but in economics only that want of a product is measured as demand which is supported by buying power.

Thus we can say that, Demand = Desire of a Commodity + Purchasing Power of Consumer Determinants affecting Demand Some of the common factors those affecting demands are: * Change in Price: If the change of price of a commodity changes it changes the demand of a commodity. * Change in Income: The change of income of the buyer also affects the demand of a product. * Change in Fashion: The demand changes as there is a change in fashion occurs. * Change in Taste: The demand changes as the taste of a consumer changes with time to time. * Change in Population:

The demand of a commodity change with the changes in the size of population. * Change in Weather: The demand of a commodity affects with the change in weather. Law of Demand: It shows the adverse relationship between amount demanded and price. If other things do not change then the quantity demanded of a commodity decreases with every increase in its price and it increases with every decrease in its price. Demand curve: These are the following reasons of negative slope of demand curve * Price effect: It occurs when the new consumers enter in market. * Income effect: It occurs when people start buying more units. Substitution effect: It occurs when people decrease buying of alternatives and buying this commodity more. Assumptions: The assumptions of law of demand are * There is no change in the taste of the consumer. * The income being constant. * There is no change in the customs. * There must not be any alternates to the commodities. * There must no change in values of the other products. * There must not be likely change in the prices of the goods being used. * The behavior of the buyer must be constant. Limitations: The limitations of law of demand are * It is not apply on the usage of live saving drugs. It is not apply on the use of high-status products. * It is not apply on very high priced goods. * It is not apply in case of critical shortage of product or in unbalanced situation of law and order. Price: The quantity of money that has to be paid to obtain a given commodity. Insofar as the amount people are prepared to pay for a product represents its value, price is also a measure of value. The current value at which an good or service can be bought or sold. Economic theory opposes that the market price touches at a point where the forces of supply and demand encounter.

Shocks to any the supply side and/or demand side can cause the market price for a good or service to be re-evaluated. Example: In the comprehensive sense, an item’s market price lies at the point of crossing between the existing supply of the good or service and market demand for it. Any change in the supply or demand affects an product’s market price. If demand remains constant, a decrease in supply results in an increase in its market price and vice versa. Similarly, if supply remains constant, a increase in the demand for an product results in a increase in its market price and vice versa. Price Theory:

An economic theory that opposes that the price for any particular good or service is the relationship between the forces of supply and demand. The theory of price says that the point at which the profit gained from those who demand the entity meets the seller’s marginal costs is the most ideal market price for the good or service. Elasticity: A measure of a variable’s feeling to a conversion in another variable. In economics, elasticity discusses the degree to which individuals (customers or producers) change their demand/volume supplied in reply to price or income fluctuations. OR “Elasticity is a measure of sensitivity.

The responsiveness of performance measured by variable Z to a conversion in environment variable Y is the conversion in Z observed in reaction to a change in Y. Specially, this estimate is common: Elasticity of Demand: The rate at which amount demanded of a product changes due to change in its value, is called Elasticity of Demand. Types of Elasticity of Demand * Price Elasticity of Demand (Edp): The degree of sensitivity of amount demanded of a product due to change in its worth is called Price Elasticity of Demand. Measurement: There are two ways to measure Price Elasticity of Demand Percentage Method: Edp = % change in quantity demanded % change in price * Formula Method: Edp = ? q/? p * p/q * Income Elasticity of Demand (Edy): The unit of change in demand of a commodity due to change in income of a buyer is called Income Elasticity of Demand. Measurement: There are two ways to measure Income Elasticity of Demand. * Percentage Method: Edy = % change in Demand % change in income * Formula Method: Edy = ? q/? y * y/q * Cross Elasticity of Demand: The unit of change in demand of a commodity (a) due to change in the value of a commodity (b) is called Cross Elasticity of Demand.

Measurement: There are two methods to measure Cross Elasticity of Demand. * Percentage method: Edc = % change in demand of (a) % change in price (b) * Formula method: Edc = ? qa/? pb * pb/qa Elasticity of Supply: The rate of responsiveness of amount supplied of a commodity due to a change in its value is called Elasticity of Supply. Measurement: The methods of measurement of elasticity of supply are * Measurement of elasticity of supply between two distinct points: Following is the method of measurement of elasticity of supply between two distinct points. * Formula method: Es = q2 – q1 ? 2 – q1 ? p2 + p1 ? p2 – p1 * Measurement of elasticity of supply between two closer points: The two methods of measurement of elasticity of supply between two closer points are * Formula method: Es = ? q/? p * p/q * Percentage method: Es = % change in quantity supplied % change in price * Measurement of elasticity of supply by geometrical method: The two methods of measurement of elasticity of supply by geometrical method * Straight Line: If supply curve is a straight line then elasticity of supply at a single point is measured with the help of this method. * Curve:

If supply line is curve similar than elasticity of supply at a single point is measured by taking tangent on that single point. Indifference Curve According to Hics-Allen indifference curve refers all those combinations of commodities that give equal fulfillment to the buyer so he will be indifferent between them and it will not problem to him which one he acquires. OR A curve used in economics to show all possible relative quantities of commodities or services equally wanted by or of equal use to a customer OR A diagram showing equal levels of convenience (satisfaction) for a buyer faced with various combinations of commodities.

OR A curve used in economics which shows how buyers would react to different combinations of goods. On the graph, a quantity of one commodity appears on the x axis and a quantity of another commodity appears on the y axis. Buyers would be equally fulfilled at any point along a given arc, as each point brings the same level of utility to that buyer. The slope of the arc is stated to as the marginal rate of substitution. History of Indifference Curve: Indifference curve theory was developed in first part of 20th century by by Irish-born British economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth.

Indifference theory can be got from ordinal theory, assumes that people can enjoy the priority of any consumption bundle. Properties of Indifference Curve: The main characteristics or properties of Indifference curve are: * Indifference Curves are Negatively Sloped: The indifference curves must slope down from left to right. This means that an indifference curve is negatively sloped. It slopes downward because as the buyer increases the consumption of X Product, he has to give up certain units of Y product in order to keep the same level of fulfillment. Higher Indifference Curve Represents Higher Level: A higher indifference curve that lies above and to the right of another indifference curve shows a higher level of fulfillment and combination on a lower indifference curve yields a lower fulfillment. * Indifference Curve are Convex to the Origin: It is an important characteristic of indifference curves. They are convex to the origin. This is comparable to saying that as the user substitutes product X for product Y, the marginal rate of substitution reduces of X for Y along an indifference curve. * Indifference Curve Cannot Intersect Each Other:

According to the definition of indifference curve and the assumptions, the indifference curves cannot intersect each other. It is because at the point of tangency, the higher curve will give as much as of the two products as is given by the lower indifference curve. This is irrational and impossible. * Indifference Curves do not Touch the Horizontal or Vertical Axis: One of simple assumptions of indifference curves is that the buyer purchases combinations of different products. He is not supposed to buying only one product. In that case indifference curve will touch one axis.

This disturbs the plain assumption of indifference curves. Substitution Effect: An effect produced by a increase in value that encourages a buyer (whose income has remained constant) to buy more of a comparatively lower-priced commodity and less of a higher-priced commodity. Substitution effect is always negative for the supplier: buyers always shift from spending on higher-priced commodities to lower-priced ones as they try to sustain their living standard in face of increasing prices. Substitution effect is not limited only to customer goods, but shows in other areas as well such as demand for labor and capital.

In economics, the influence of a change in the value of a commodity, which inspires buyers to substitute one commodity for another. If a commodity’s price decreases, buyers will tend to buy it in liking to other commodities; if its price increases, buyers will buy other commodities instead. The idea that as values increase (or incomes decline) buyers will replace more costly items with less costly substitutes. On the other hand, as the wealth of persons rises, the opposite tends to be true, as lower-priced or low-grade commodities are avoided for more costly, higher-quality goods and services – this is known as the income effect.

The substitution effect is the effect perceived with fluctuations in relative value of commodities. This effect fundamentally upsets the movement along the curve. Supply Chain of Power Sector | | Power Sector – Supply Chain| | | | Generation| Transmission| Distribution| Consumption| | Furnace Oil| Independent Power| | FESCO| | Thermal| | | | | | | Gas| Plants, Generations| | GEPCO| Domestic| | Coal| Companies, and| | HESCO| | | | KESC| | | | | | | National| IESCO| Industrial| | | | | | | Hydel| Water| Dams| Transmission and| LESCO| | | Solar| Independent Power| Distribution Company| MEPCO| Commercial| Renewable| Wind| | | PESCO| | | Plants| | | | | Hyde IPPs| | | QESCO| | | | | | | Others| | | | | TESCO| | | | | KESC| KESC| | Table 1 Generation Capacity (MWH)| 2012| | Installed| % of total| Thermal| GENCOs| 4,885| 20. 7%| | KESC| 2,050| 8. 7%| | IPPs| 8,587| 36. 3%| | RPPs| 453| 1. 9%| | Others (CPPs/SPPs)| 324| 1. 4%| Hydel| WAPDA| 6,444| 27. 3%| | IPPs| 111| 0. 5%| Nuclear| Two Nuclear Plants| 787| 3. 3%| Import| Mainly from Iran| -| 0. 0%| | Total| 23,641| 100%| Table 2 Electricity Generation Capacity of Pakistan Electricity Consumption in Pakistan Figure 1 Figure 2 Current and Expected Energy Mix of electricity in Pakistan:

Figure 3 Figure 4 : According to data released by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (Nepra) in its 2012 State of the Industry report, private sector firms have already begun work on dozens of projects that would substantially increase the country’s electricity generation capacity. After five years of unbearably long daily power outages, Pakistan’s private sector has had enough: over the next five years, they plan on investing over $14. 3 billion in increasing the nation’s power production capacity by nearly 46%, and they are doing so by investing in the cheapest possible sources of electricity. 2,400MW will be Pakistan’s power generation capacity by 2018, if the next government will to do absolutely nothing to prevent or slow down the progress currently being made on projects that are already approved and progressing. : (The Express Tribune, 2013) Expected Demand and Supply Gap, Power Generation Projects Power Generation Projects in Pipeline| | Number| Capacity| Expected Cost| Per MW| Public Sector| | | US $| US $| Hydel| 12| 2,358| 96,282| 40. 8| Private Sector| | | | | Oil Based| 8| 997| 1,151| 1. 2| Pipeline Quality Gas| 1| 140| 140| 1. 0| Dedicated Gas fields| 3| 621| 780| 1. | Hydel| 16| 5,271| 10,096| 1. 9| Coal| 7| 1,725| 2,356| 1. 4| Naphta| 2| 404| 404| 1. 0| Total| 37| 9,158| 111,209| 12. 1| Table 3 Deficit in Demand and Supply (MWH)| Fiscal Year 13| Fiscal Year 14| Fiscal Year 15| Planned Generation Capability| 21,746| 24,212| 25,081| Projected Demand Growth Rate| 8%| 7%| 7%| Projected Demand Growth Rate| 25,284| 27,092| 29,032| Total| (3,538)| (2,880)| (3,951)| Table 4 | | | Short term| | Medium term| | | | Long term| | | Years| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| 2014| 2015| 2016| 2017| 2018| 2019| 2020| A| Existing| | | | | | | | | | | | | Generation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hydel| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| 6444| | Gen. Cos| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| 3580| | IPPs| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| 5541| | Rental| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| 285| | SPPs| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| 70| | Total A| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| 15920| B| Committed| | | | | | | | | | | | | Under| | | | | | | | | | | | | | process| 2466| 5501| 7806| 7806| 7556| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| 7256| | generation| | | | | | | | | | | | | C| Total A+B| 18386| 21421| 23726| 23726| 23476| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| 23176| D| 0. 8? C| 14709| 17137| 18981| 18981| 18781| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| 18541| E| Demand| 22500| 24474| 26520| 28683| 30944| 33394| 36217| 40648| 43864| 46689| 50152| 54319| | summer| | | | | | | | | | | | | | peak| | | | | | | | | | | | | F| deficit of| | | | | | | | | | | | | generation| 7791| 7237| 7539| 10702| 12273| 14853| 17676| 22107| 25323| 28148| 31611| 35738| Forecast Supply and demand position from 2009-2020 in MW Table 5 Tariffs: Table 6 2011| Units Purchased| Units Sold| District Losses| Amount Lost| Billed| Realized| Recovery Ratio| PESCO| 13396| 8,712| -35%| (37,133)| 69,065| 541,146| 78. 4%| IESCO| 8502| 7674| -10%| (7,231)| 67,015| 62,580| 93. 4%| GEPCO| 7314| 6439| -12%| (7,625)| 56,111| 55,459| 98. 8%| LESCO| 16995| 14741| -13%| (21,178)| 138,501| 135,872| 98. 1%| FESCO| 9685| 8596| -11%| (9,411)| 74,289| 74,111| 99. 8%| MEPCO| 12471| 10189| -18%| (18,956)| 84,637| 82,922| 98. %| HESCO| 8784| 5814| 34%| (27,229)| 53,302| 31,501| 59. 1%| QESCO| 5084| 4048| -20%| (7,998)| 31,250| 12,810| 41. 0%| KESC| 15433| 10072| -35%| (56,961)| 107,016| 91,559| 85. 6%| | 97,664| 76,285| -22%| (188,211)| 681,186| 600,960| 88. 2%| | 2006-07| 2007-08| 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| Tariff Determined by NEPRA (Rs/Kwh)| 4. 73| 5. 77| 8. 63| 8. 63| 8. 95| Tariff Notified by GOP (Rs/Kwh)| 4. 43| 4. 74| 5. 52| 5. 57| 7. 33| Subsidy (Rs/Kwh)| 0. 30| 1. 02| 3. 11| 3. 06| 1. 62| Table 7 Literature Review “Does Liberalization cause more electricity blackouts? Evidence from a global study of newspaper reports” (William Yu & Michael G.

Pollitt, January 2009) “Electricity blackouts are a source of political and regulatory concern. They bring both economic and social losses to business and society. Beyond the direct causes due to technical and human errors, the recent occurrence of the significant blackouts in Western countries, such as those in North America (August 14th, 2003) or Italy (Sept 28th, 2003), are thought to be the result of liberalization in the electricity sector. It is commonly believed that the frequency and scale of blackouts will intensify in line with the increased competition, scale of operation and cross-regional trade of electricity.

Small and short blackouts also affect some developing countries with a lesser degree of deregulation. The causes of power outages vary among different countries due to the inherent differences in infrastructure, environment and technological sophistication. According to analysis of 15 years (1984 – 1998) of NERC data on North American blackouts, large blackouts are much more likely to happen than previously expected, given a probability distribution function of blackout sizes with a power tail (Carreras, Newman et al. 2002).

The frequency distribution of the blackout sizes does not decrease exponentially with the size of the blackout.

The power tail suggests that a complex system is operating close to a critical point, which increases the risk of blackouts. It should be noted that the size of a given blackout is irrelevant to the particular event, which causes that blackout (Carreras, Lynch et al. 2004).

Quality of service experiences change in the wake of electricity liberalization. Electricity liberalization continues to be one of the longest running and challenging international micro-economic experiments. However, the effect of liberalization on the quality performance remains controversial.

Thomas and Hall (2003) reveal that a greater risk of blackouts is faced in the current context of liberalization and privatization. They argue that the reduction in maintenance, in order to maintain the profitability of generators, will increase the risk of blackouts. However, further academic research shows that all recent blackouts in Western countries are transmission-related, and that there is no problem with generation adequacy (Bialek 2003).

Bialek (2004) contends that there seems to be little formal evidence of a connection between electricity reform and blackouts based on the US-Canada and Italian blackouts of summer 2003.

Although some operating rules have been violated in these cases, the main underlying reason for the blackouts is the inadequacy of rules to accommodate the changes, which is a direct consequence of significant increases in cross-border trades and tighter reserve margins. In Europe, in the wake of liberalization, it has become evident that the market is characterized both by underinvestment in cross-border transmission capacity and by a reluctance to carry out costly upgrades of power technologies, which would otherwise improve the quality of service (EurActiv 2008).

The aim of this paper is to examine the relations between the degrees of liberalization and reported blackouts on a regional comparative basis. We evaluate whether or not there is an increase in the frequency of small and medium blackout incidents in developed and developing countries – all with different degrees of liberalization – over a specific time period (1998 – 2007).

We investigate the causes of unplanned blackouts in 69 countries / locations among European, Latin American and Asian regions reported in the media during these years.

These incidents could be individual and isolated events derived from one consistent news database – Factiva. Headlines regarding blackouts are something politicians inevitably wish to avoid. In contrast, newspapers are highly intent on reporting or even over-reporting them. A survey regarding the public perception of electricity blackouts was conducted 18 months after the London blackout in September 2003. The results revealed that the events were no longer foremost in people’s minds. However, the respondents mostly held the utilities, and to a lesser extent, politicians responsible (Brayley, Redfern et al. 005).

Factiva is a database, which contains blackout news articles. Although the Factiva database is not exhaustive, the blackout news record of the last 10 years might provide a lens that offers insight into whether or not there is an actual increase in blackout incidents with the advent of liberalization, or if this perceived increase in blackouts is simply the result of proportionally increased media focus on blackouts. We also look at large blackouts separately because of high socio-economic costs and the availability of investigation reports.

Using the content analysis technique, this paper identifies the common threads emerging from a number of large failures which recently happened in the U. S. , Europe, Latin America and Asia. This paper is the first study of its kind, at least in the context of electricity deregulation, where the reporting of blackout incidents in regions of Europe, Latin America and Asia over time is used to evaluate the causes of power outages. Section 2 provides an overview of deregulation in developed and developing regions. Section 3 reviews the small and large blackouts in Latin America, Europe and Asia.

Section 4 describes the data used in the study. Section 5 is the methodology. Section 6 summarizes the results. Section 7 is the conclusion. ” (William Yu & Michael G. Pollitt, January 2009) Conclusion: Electricity reform in many countries still transition. Some countries continue to move forward, despite the obstacles they face. Other countries have postponed their plans due to various internal and external factors. Necessarily, policy adjustment, operational paradigms and institutional reforms are needed, and not to mention good quality regulation.

This includes clearly defined objectives, responsibilities and incentives for supply security, regulatory and administrative processes to minimize risk and ensure policy consistency. In order to justify and match the different interests of market players at a reasonable regulatory framework is one approach. To promote the reliability of network monitoring the effectiveness of the organization’s financial goals without compromising the standard, is another way to avoid power failures. “Pakistan’s Power Crisis: How Did We Get Here? ” (Kamal A. Munir & Salman Khalid, September 2012) In Pakistan, 2012 is proving to be the Year of Energy Summits. Typically, it all starts with a large mob emerging onto the streets of Lahore, Faisalabad, or another major city of the country, demanding an end to the rampant load-shedding that has been plunging entire cities into darkness for over 12 hours a day and rural areas for 18–20 hours a day, with the electricity shortfall reaching 7,000 MW in May 2011 (Malik, 2012).

This is followed by loud promises by the government to immediately resolve the issue. Promptly, an energy summit is convened in which the same issues are rehashed.

It produces no tangible results apart from (occasionally) a curious drop in load-shedding for a week or two due to the release of some payments to the independent power producers (IPPs).

Almost invariably, however, the problem is treated as one of governance—issues of corruption in distribution companies (DISCOs), their failure to collect bill payments, the government’s inability to pass on the full costs of energy production, or its failure to meet its obligations to investors who are left with no choice but to stop producing electricity, hog the headlines.

Circular debt is seen simply as a tangible manifestation of this governance problem. Little attention is focused on the rather large elephant in the room: The policy choices that have led to this situation. ” (Kamal A. Munir & Salman Khalid, September 2012) Conclusion: To the right incentives is essential for optimal energy mix. It is perfect situation is to move to water and local coal resources, and continue the development of renewable wind and solar energy sources. In the short term, and imported coal or gas can be seen from the solution.

Though, only partial responses to the changing energy mix. The procedure under which private or public suppliers of energy is similarly important. Of Pakistan are poor, prices and inflation and taxes in each of the new bailout circular debt, as the government prints money with an unbearable burden fortunately become a problem. The problem, however, does not mean that it is impossible. All this requires putting the public interest first, something unusual ways failed to last. “Crisis of Electrical Energy in Pakistan and Future guideline for Policy makers” (Sifat Shah & M.

K. L. Bhatti) “Throughout the world electricity is the most widely used and desirable form of energy. It is a basic requirement for economic development and for an adequate standard of living. As a country’s population grows and its economy expands its demand for electrical energy multiplies. If this demand is not met adequately a shortage in supply occurs. This shortage can assume crisis proportions. Pakistan has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis since the last several years. The problem becomes severe during the summers.

Large numbers of users have to be disconnected from the energy supply system to prevent overloading the generating stations (load shedding).

On occasions the urban dwellers had to suffer load shedding of 8-10 hours every day. During the same time rural consumers suffered it for up to 20 hours at a stretch. Almost two years ago the Chairman Water and Power Authority (WAPDA) admitted that his organization could not meet the current demand for electricity. It is surprising such a senior person took so long to discover this problem.

The government talked about Pakistan’s supposedly booming economy but failed to understand the need for meeting the energy needs of the boom. General Musharraf (R) (ex-President) after becoming Chief Executive used to talk about building dams especially Kalabagh Dam. Very few power plants have since been set up. The present energy crisis is totally due to lack of forecasting and planning. Any power system has 3 major parts: 1. Generation system 2. Transmission system 3. Distribution system Generally speaking the major technical causes of the shortfall in the availability of electrical energy in Pakistan are: Insufficient installed generating capacity. * Transmission system unable to transmit the greater load now imposed upon it. * Grid Stations and related equipment unable to carry the load imposed. * Distribution System was built to carry a smaller power and hence unable to cater to existing demands [Gelling at el 1988]. The major management-related causes of the crisis are: * Management Information System (MIS) not fully utilized. * Failure to forecast and plan for the future. * Failure to set up new generating stations in time. * No new Transmission/Distribution networks & grid stations setup. Unexpectedly rapid growth of load. ” (Sifat Shah & M. K. L. Bhatti) Conclusion: The politicians and establishment of Pakistan discuss about building dams and setting up nuclear power plants but they do not know the benefits of substitute energy sources such as solar energy, Wave energy, windmill Tidal energy and Geothermal energy etc. They are economical and fast method to generate electricity. Pakistan is a very blessed country; solar energy is available in most parts of the country throughout the year. Likewise wind energy is freely vacant in winter in the interior Baluchistan and coastal areas.

These energy sources if tapped can be of great help in reducing the current demand supply gap. The possibility of using coal and hydro-electric run of river plants must also be considered seriously for the long term. “An Empirical Analysis of Electricity Demand in Pakistan” (Shabib Haider Syed & Noel Alter) “Electricity is considered the backbone for an economy’s prosperity and progress thus it plays a crucial role in socio-economic development. With the passage of time as rapid development and technological innovation has taken place the utilization of energy resources has also mounted.

Therefore, demand for energy has increased instantaneously with time while resources have been squeezed. Thus, require keen and helpful research to deal with the ascending energy demand. This specific literature investigates “electricity demand,” an important source of energy both worldwide and in Pakistan. In Pakistan, electricity is among the most used energy resources. Electricity is used for various purposes at residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors. Moreover, electricity in these sectors has become a necessity.

In view of Khan and Qayyum (2008) in Pakistan 60 to 70 percent of the population has access to electricity consumption. They are connected to the nation’s electricity grid; it indicates that as more and more electrification will occur demand will increase, requiring proper planning in the field of electricity demand management. It is also a fact that price distortion in different sectors and more use of electrical appliances boosts the consumption level of electricity. Currently Pakistan is going through the worst energy and electricity crisis of its history.

Electricity shortfall has increased about 5000 Mw, load shedding has increased from 8 to 14 hours daily, industrial growth has declined, and ultimately the whole economy has suffered. Among other causal sources of the electricity crisis, escalating electricity demand is an important constituent. Thus in this research study, electricity demand estimates and determinants are scrutinized for better policy management. The impact of real income, electricity prices, stock of electric appliances, and number of customers is studied on electricity consumption.

Current electricity crises are also discussed in this study; its causes, influences and impacts. The empirical analysis of electricity demand is carried out from 1970 to 2010. The main purpose of this research study is to estimate electricity demand function of Pakistan at aggregate and disaggregate levels. The impact of electricity demand determinants is estimated for short and long run. Current energy crisis is also discussed in this study. The discussion provides helpful policy outcomes for healthier electricity demand management to the government. ” (Shabib Haider Syed & Noel Alter) Conclusion:

The results of this study show that the response of electricity demand in each sector is different, so is the demand management policy, as well as demand management and pricing policy for each sector of the industry to formulate an effective response to the base. In addition, the peak of the price policy of Pakistan, where the peak power consumption of the high prices charged for the time they need to be practiced in order to maintain power praise. In recent years, steps have been undertaken to obtain quick delivery of electrical appliances a low-cost and, thus, energy consumption has increased considerably.

Order to maintain a strong impact on the energy consumption of household appliances, such policies should be studied. Policy measures, in addition, the government also needs to be improved, and energy generation and infrastructure to the new system. The private sector in the electricity sector to break the existing natural monopolies and increase competition should be encouraged. New cleaner and cheaper electricity alternatives must be considered. Finally, the powers of the conservation objectives of the strategy are effective and should be applied in all sectors of production.

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Methodology: Process used to collect information and data for business decision-making. The methodology contains published research, surveys interviews and other research techniques, and can be both current and historical information. Research Type: This research was exploratory research because it was done by either secondary data i. e. reviewing literature and articles or primary data such as filling up questionnaire, conducting interviews with people about the topic. Data Collection:

The data collected for conducting this research was quantitative. Because the objective of this research was to find out the impact of load shedding on living standards of Lahore. So this research demands quantitative data. Primary Data: The primary data for this research discover the main causes and views of public on load shedding in Lahore were conducting a survey. For this purpose a questionnaire was made having questions asked about the problem and then filled up by people of different ages, gender and occupation resident of different areas from Lahore.

Secondary Data: We collected our secondary data from National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), News agencies articles and from internet. But, most of the data were collected from primary sources. Population of Research: The nature of the research demanded that the target population must have the knowledge and interest because the objective of this research is to investigate the impact of load shedding and use of UPS and generators on living standards of Lahore. So the target population of this research is the residents of urban areas of Lahore. Sample of Study:

The questionnaires were filled up by 100 participants including every age and every profession living in Lahore. Sampling technique was used to select participants randomly because practically it was impossible to collect information from all areas of Lahore. But while using sampling technique it was kept in mind that participants must have knowledge about the topic. Survey Instrument: Primary data was collected by using questionnaire. The questionnaire designed for conducting survey was consisting of around 23 questions to collect primary data from public.

Questionnaire was based on 5 sections: * Information of Demography * Measuring effect of Load shedding * Steps taken against Load shedding * Responsibility determination for load shedding * Steps taken to overcome Electricity crisis Data Processing: For this research, interviews conducted in planned way and interviewee allowed defining his point of view. For every interview conducted notes are made to record it. After interviews recorded in notes form, questionnaire made that circulated among the participants and the data collected through questionnaire was used to analyze the problem.

The analysis and conclusion mainly focuses on impact of load shedding and use of UPS and generators on living standard of Lahore. Data Processing Technique: Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to input data and makes charts are graphs of the questions asked form participants. Microsoft Word 2010 was used to interpret and explain graphs. Limitations: There are many factors in this research that put up limitations on result of this research. Some of them are: * The major limitation of this research is that sample size was too small and was not able to cover all the areas of the city. Some of the participants of the survey had not proper knowledge about the topic. * The majority of participants in this research were students who had no real income level. * Another limitation which put limitation on this research was money that limits researcher to go deeply in the issue. * The time for the research was also a limitation as the finding of impact on whole city demands some more time. * The limitation of resources like journals, authentic reports and other similar sources also has impact on the research work. Errors:

There are some errors due to which data cannot be measured as exact and accurate. * There can be some errors while making questionnaires. * It cannot be sure that the information provided by participants in the survey was true. * Data processing technique may show any error while analyzing. Data Analysis and Interpretation Question No. 1. Gender of participant Gender| Frequency| Male| 64| Female| 36| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about total no. of Gender whose participant in questionnaire of this research. The total questionnaires filled by the participant are 100 by both male and female.

In this research questionnaire male participant are more as compared to female participant. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 1. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their gender. The frequency of the participant is 100 out of which 64% are male including young and old, and other 36% are female. The reason of male dominance is that mostly questionnaires are filled outside domestic areas where male presence is more as compared to female. Question No. 2. Age group of participant Table No. 2. Age| Frequency| 18-23| 41| 23-28| 23| 28-35| 21| 5 or above| 15| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about different age group whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four age categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participant of this research falling in the category of 18 to 23 ages. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 2. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their age. The frequency of questionnaire is 100 out of which 41% fall in category of 18-23, 23% fall in 23-28 age category, then 21% fill up by 28-35 age group and 15% participant are 35 or above of age.

Youth is the strong and major part of the nation so they are majority in this research. Question No. 3. Occupation of the participant Table No. 3. Occupation| Frequency| Business| 26| Student| 43| Household| 17| Other| 14| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about occupation whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four occupation categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participants in this research are students. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 3. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their occupation.

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of majority are students 43%, business holder are 26%, 17% are house holder and 14% participants falling in others category such as jobs, providing services. Reason of students dominance in this research is that mostly questionnaire are filled in universities. Question No. 4. Resident of participant Table No. 4. Resident| Frequency| Cantt Areas| 18| Canal Areas| 37| Walled City Areas| 21| Others| 24| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about resident whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four resident categories in this questionnaire.

Most of the participants in this research belong to canal areas. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 4. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their resident area. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly participants are from canal areas 37%, 18% are belongs to cantt areas, 21% participants are falling in the category of walled city areas and remaining 24% are resident of other areas of Lahore. Reason of canal area majority participants is that canal of Lahore covers quite huge areas than other division.

Question No. 5. Income Level of the participant Table No. 5. Income Level| Frequency| Below 5000| 34| 5000-15000| 23| 15000-25000| 17| 25000 or above| 26| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about income level whose participant in questionnaire of this research. There are four income level categories in this questionnaire. Most of the participants in this research falling in the category of income level below. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 5. Explanation: It is a demographic information based question asked from the participant about their income level.

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which majority of the participants 34% having below 5000 monthly income, then 26% having 25000 or above, 5000-15000 category holder are 23%, and 17% are 15000-25000 monthly income participants. Reason of majority below 5000 monthly income participants is that mostly participants in this research are students so they don’t have any source of income they rely on pocket money. Question No. 6. Are you suffering from load shedding in your daily life of routine? Table No. 6. Experiencing Load Shedding| Frequency| Yes| 94| No| 6| Total| 100|

Interpretation: This question is about the load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether they suffer load shedding in their daily routine or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’ Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 6. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant whether they suffering from load shedding in their daily routine of life or not? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 94% which is very large number of participants say ‘Yes’ they are suffering load shedding in their routine life while only 6% participants say ‘No’.

Reason of such a large number of participants in Yes is that today load shedding become a curse in this country no one is saved from it Question No. 7. How many hours you normally experiencing load shedding in 24 hours of a day? Table No. 7. Hours of Load Shedding| Frequency| Below 2 hours| 4| 2-4 hours| 16| 4-8 hours| 33| Above 8 hours| 47| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the duration of load shedding participants of this research normally experience in a day. There are four categories in this questionnaire. Mostly participants are experiencing above 8 hours load shedding in a day.

Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 7. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant about the duration of load shedding they face in 24 hours of a day. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly participants 47% are suffering above 8 hours load shedding, 33% are suffering 4-8 hours load shedding, 2-4 hours category holders are 16% and 4% suffering below 2 hours load shedding in a day. Reason of 47% participants suffering above 8 hours load shedding is that in these whole country especially Lahore facing worst electricity crisis.

The current load shedding duration exceeds 12 hours a day. Question No. 8. Is load shedding disturbing your life? Table No. 8. Disturbance by Load Shedding| Frequency| Yes| 78| No| 22| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether their life is disturbed by load shedding or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’ Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 8. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant whether load shedding disturbed their life or not?

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 78% which majority of participants say ‘Yes’ load shedding disturbed their life while other 22% participants say ‘No’ load shedding didn’t disturbed their life much. Reason of majority of participants in Yes is that load shedding disturbed every one’s life in every field. People become fed up with these long power failures. Question No. 9. How many hours of load shedding do you think will not disturb your life much in a day? Table No. 9. Bearable Load shedding| Frequency|

Below 2 hours| 78| 2-4 hours| 22| 4-8 hours| 13| Above 8 hours| 2| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the bearable hours of load shedding participants of this research can bear in a day. There are four categories in this questionnaire. Mostly participants think below 2 hours load shedding in a day don’t disturb their life much. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 9. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant about the bearable hours of load shedding they can tolerate in 24 hours of a day.

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 78% which is huge majority of participants can tolerate below 2 hours load shedding, 22% can tolerate 2-4 hours load shedding, 4-8 hours category holders are 13% and only 2% say they can tolerate above 8 hours load shedding in a day. Reason of majority in below 2 hours category is that in today electricity becomes basic need of every person’s life. And wapda’s electricity has no substitute. Question No. 10. In which timing Load shedding affects you more? Table No. 10. Impact with respect of Time| Frequency| Day| 37| Night| 41| Both| 22|

Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about load shedding in which asked by the participants that in which timing they suffer more from load shedding. Most of the participants affecting by load shedding in night timing. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 10. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant in which timing they have more effect of load shedding? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly 41% participants have impact of load shedding in night timing, 37% affecting in day timing and remaining 22% are affecting in both night and day timing.

Reason of majority participants in favor of night category is that good sleep is essential for the productive day. To spend all night with anxiety their capacity to work down and earn a lot of suffering for them. Question No. 11. In which season Load shedding will have stronger impact on you? Table No. 11. Impact with respect of Season| Frequency| Summer| 67| Winter| 12| Both| 21| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about load shedding in which asked by the participants that in which season they suffer more from load shedding.

Most of the participants affecting by load shedding in summer season. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 11. Explanation: It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant in which season they have more effect of load shedding? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which mostly 67% participants have impact of load shedding in summer season, 12% affecting in winter season and remaining 21% are affecting in both summer and winter season. Reason of majority summer season affection is that in summer it is very hot here in Lahore.

Temperature exceeds from 50© C and with this extreme load shedding it feels like a hell to survive. Question No. 12. Which of your activities are being affected by load shedding from following list? Table No. 12. Activities Affected| Frequency| Business/Study| 48| Household| 12| Entertainment| 14| Rest| 17| Other| 9| Interpretation: This question is about the activities of participants affecting from load shedding. There are five categories in this questionnaire. Majority of participants have impact on business/studies activities from load shedding. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 12. Explanation:

It is a measuring effect question asked from the participant about impact of load shedding on their activities to perform. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which 48% of participants business/studies activities affected from load shedding, rest routine affected participants are 17%, 14% feels their entertainment activities affecting, 12% participants household activities affected and 9% participants fall in others category. Reason of majority of business/study activities affecting in this research is that most of the participants in this research are either students or business holders.

Question No. 13. Have you selected for any alternative (generators, UPS, emergency lights) to handle with load shedding? Table No. 13. Alternative Adopted| Frequency| Yes| 73| No| 27| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the alternate of load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether they choose any alternative in load shedding or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 13. Explanation: It is an action taken in response of load shedding question asked from the participant whether they have any alternate for load shedding or not?

The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which major part of participants 73% have alternate for load shedding and other 27% don’t have alternate for load shedding. Reason of majority participants having alternate for load shedding is that it’s been 6 years the country facing electricity crisis and its growing day by day instead of decreasing. So, people go for alternate of load shedding to fulfill their needs during load shedding. Question No. 14. What is your alternative for load shedding? Table No. 14. Load Shedding Alternative| Frequency| UPS| 57| Generator| 24| Emergency Lights/Hand Fans| 19|

Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the alternate of load shedding in which asked by the participants. They are three categories to choose from. Most of the participants using UPS as alternative for load shedding. Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 14. Explanation: It is an action taken in response of load shedding question asked from the participant which alternate they adopted for load shedding. The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which majority 57% are using UPS, generators users are 24% and some participants 19% use emergency lights/hand fans as load shedding alternate.

Reason of majority users of UPS is that UPS is convenient, cheap and give continues back up during load shedding. Question No. 15. Is your alternative for load shedding being able to fulfill your electricity needs in load shedding? Table No. 15. Needs Fulfill| Frequency| Yes| 63| No| 37| Total| 100| Interpretation: This question is about the fulfillment of needs during load shedding in which asked by the participants that whether their needs are fulfilled or not. Majority of the participants say ‘Yes’.

Graphical Presentation: Figure No. 15. Explanation: It is an action taken in response of load shedding question asked from the participant whether their needs are fulfilled by your alternate or not? The frequency of participants in this research is 100 out of which majority 63% participant’s needs in load shedding are fulfilled by their alternates. 37% participants say their needs are not fulfilled by their alternates. Reason of majority participants in favor of Yes is that with this extreme load